Sabin polio vaccine

The current Sabin polio vaccine will give primary immunity within 5-14 days after administration and secondary immunity within 1-3 days after a booster dose. 

The single-component viral vaccines are listed in Table 23.2 with notes similar to those provided with the bacterial vaccines. The only combined viral vaccine that is widely used is the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR Vac). In a sense however, both the inactivated (Salk) poliovaccine (Pol/Vac (inactivated)) and the live (Sabin) polio-vaccine (Pol/Vac (oral) are combined vaccines in that they are both mixtures of virus of each of the three serotypes of poliovirus. Influenza vaccines, too, are combined vaccines in that they usually contain components from several virus strains, usually from two strains of influenza A and one strain of influenza B. 

L]Vc attenuated vaccines contain living version.s of a disease-causing vims that have been weakened m the laboratory. The Sabin polio vaccine and the vaccines against mumps, measles, and rubella are live attenuated. 

During vesicular transport the ceU membrane forms a smaU cavity that gradually surrounds particles or macromolecules, thereby internalizing them into the cell in the form of a vesicle or vacuole. Vesicular transport is the proposed process for the absorption of orally administered Sabin polio vaccine and of various large proteins. It is called endocytosis when moving a macromolecule into a cell, exocytosis when... 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

In the early 1960s, drug companies began to lobby for government indemnity for the vaccines they developed, tested, and produced. Because so many people are vaccinated at one time, particularly school-age children, ADRs from a vaccine can carry considerable liability. As more diseases have become vaccine-preventable, more ADRs have been reported. In 1974, impetus for indemnity increased when the courts upheld a jury verdict of 200,000 for a child who developed polio from the Sabin live-polio vaccine. ... 

In the 1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin from the University of Pittsburgh (USA) worked on polio vaccines. Salk used inactivated polio virus, whereas Sabin developed a live form of polio virus. 

The original polio vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk (for whom the Salk Institute in LaJolla is named). It is a "killed" virus. However, over the years it was found that this did not always impart a complete immunity. The Sabin vaccine contains an attenuated virus. It is interesting to note that the Sabin vaccine can cause an active infection in a rare number of cases. 

The World Health Organization advances the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin (1906-1993) as a safer alternative to the Salk vaccine. 

The first non dye-based drug company was in fact Hungarian. Gideon Richter is still famed for its production of steroid-based drugs. Another, Chinoin, is part of Sanofi. The Soviet Union s Jonas Salk, Ilya Sabin, produced Sabin drops simultaneously with Salk s polio vaccine. Countries such as Finland adopted the Sabin drops in preference to Salk s injection. 

Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (TOPV)- TOPV (Sabin vaccine. I960) is a live attenuated whole virus vaccine (antigen type, protein) containing polio strains I. 2. and 3. The virus culture is grown on monkey kidney tissue with use of an elaborate attenuation protocol. Oral administration of the vaccine yields a local Gl infection, and the initial immune respon.se is via IgA (mucosal, local to the Gl tract). The IgA-antigen complex undergoes transcytosis across the mucosal membrane, and systemic immunity is induced as IgM and IgG form. A major caution with TOPV is that it is a live vaccine and must never be injected. Indications ore... 

An inactivated trivalent vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was licensed for use in 1955. In 1987, an enhanced-potency inactivated poho vaccine (IPV) was introduced, and it has replaced the original inactivated vaccine. A live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was developed by Albert Sabin in 1962. OPV was the primary immunizing agent for poliovirus infection. Widespread OPV use is responsible for eradication of wild-type polio in most of the world. However, with no poliovirus circulation in the United States for years, IPV is the recommended vaccine for the primary series and booster dose for children. OPV will continue to be used in the areas of the world that have circulating pohovirus. The CEX7 maintains a stockpile of OPV to be used only in case of an outbreak. ... 

Sabin, who carried out much of his research at Ghildren s Hospital in Gincinnati, developed an attenuated version of the polio vaccine by the 1950 s. The initial large-scale trial of Sabin s vaccine, which involved more than 100 million people, was carried... 

Sabin, Albert Bruce (1906-1993) A microbiologist born of Jewish heritage as Albert Saperstein in Russia, Sabin later became an American citizen and changed his name. Trained in internal medicine, he conducted research into infectious diseases and assisted in the development of a vaccine to combat encephalitis. His major contribution to medicine was an effective oral polio vaccine, which was administered in mass immunizations... 

Vaccines—Usually these agents consist of suspensions of live microorganisms (bacteria or viruses) or microorganisms that have had their disease-causing properties removed but their anti body-stimulating properties retained. Examples are smallpox vaccine, Salk (injected) and Sabin (oral) types of polio vaccines, and measles vaccine. 

The mucosal vaccines approved for human use include typhoid, cholera, adenovirus, Sabin oral polio, and rotavirus vaccines. New mucosal vaccine strategies are focused on development of non-replicating subunit vaccines, DNA, plant, and other types of recombinant vaccines as well as the use of mucosal adjuvants preferably inbuilt into the vaccine. The conjugation of lipids to peptide antigens is one approach which enables the production of highly... 

Figure 7.3 UV versus LIF detection of the CE separation of a 53 base pair RT-PCR product from the RNA of the polio virus vaccine, Sabin 3. An Hae Ill-digested d>X174 DNA marker was coinjected with the PCR product for size determination—note the 72 bp fragment. The same Sabin 3 concentration was used for each analysis, whereas the marker total DNA concentration varied from 200 mg/mL for UV analysis, to 20 mg/mL for LIF analysis. Note the unambiguous pattern observed with LIF for the Sabin 3 fragment compared to UV detection of the same fragment. Full scale UV detection, 0.005 absorbance unit (AU) LIF detection, 10 relative fluorescence units (RFU). [Reproduced with permission from Schwartz et al., J Capillary Electrophor 1 36 (1994). Copyright ISC Technical Publications, Inc.]...

Figure 7.9 CE separation and quantitation of the RT-PCR product (53 bp) from Sabin 3 strain of the polio virus vaccine. Discrete volumes of the template RNA were reverse transcribed and the complementary DNA PCR amplified. The resulting products were analyzed by CE-LIF using a replaceable gel matrix. With increasing amounts of RNA template, peak height and area also increased up to point (> 2.0 /nL template), whereupon the reaction plateaued.

Perhaps surprisingly, all of the most successful attenuated viral vaccine strains in current use were produced by empirical methods long before the genetic basis of pathogenesis by the specific pathogen was understood. Thus, attenuated strains of polio virus for use as a live, oral vaccine (Sabin) were selected by growth of viruses isolated from human cases under cultural conditions that did not permit replication of neuropathogenic virus. Comparable procedures were used to select the attenuated virus strains that are currently used in live measles, mumps, rubella and yellow fever vaccines. 

Somehow, the status of alternative cancer therapies is akin to the role played by Australian nurse Sister Elizabeth Kenny in the treatment of polio. Her ways of assisting polio patients were more or less all that was available at the time, although often vilified, until the Salk and Sabin vaccines appeared on the scene. (With the qualifier that most new polio cases are now said to be caused by the vaccine itself.) Thus, we await the magic bullet for cancer, which may be unsuspected, but whose discovery may be fortuitous, as with penicillin and other antibiotics. No one would have anticipated that there could be such destroyers of infection as penicillin, though their existence and use were apparently known in native folklore medicine. Such may be the course for a cancer cure, that is, some native plant remedy may already be in existence, only awaiting discovery by modem medicine. Combining serendipity and purpose, someone might come up with an effective, universal vaccine. 

Medicine was still far removed at that time from the levels of care and cure now available. Dr. Dodd was just beginning to treat tuberculosis with streptomycin, one of the miracle drugs that would reverse the ravages of tuberculosis, making it a treatable disease instead of a source of terror and death. Dr. Albert Sabin was at work then at the same hospital developing an oral vaccine for the prevention of poliomyelitis. We residents were treating two buildings full of polio patients in respirators, a stark reminder of how much a vaccine was needed. 

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