Risks information dissemination

Improve the infrastructure for problem detection and product information dissemination, to strengthen consumer protection and take timely, effective risk management actions with all FDA-regulated products. 

There has also been criticism of the proposed scheme from independent sources such as the National Society for Clean Air, who have argued that the public has a low level of confidence in central government statements about risk in such circumstances and that the monitoring, assessment and information dissemination activities would be better carried out independently by the National Radiological Protection Board. 

Nevertheless, during the last 25 to 30 years the genuine benefits of using chelant-based programs have become more widely appreciated, and a considerable amount of technical information has also unfortunately been disseminated concerning the potential risks for severe chelant corrosion. The position of this author is that much of this risk awareness information has been exaggerated and furthermore that some of the advice is suspect. 

HSPD - 3 Homeland Security Advisory System. Establishes a comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to federal, state, and local authorities and to the American people. 

Lactation Because no information is available on the excretion of ethionamide in breast milk, administer to nursing mothers only if the benefits outweigh the risks. Children Investigations have been limited do not use in pediatric patients younger than 12 years of age except when the organisms are definitely resistant to primary therapy and systemic dissemination of the disease, or other life-threatening complications of tuberculosis, is judged to be imminent. 

Just as there are direct and indirect benefits that must be considered, there are also both direct and indirect risks. The notion of what constitutes a risk needs to be assessed broadly to encompass physical risks, psychological risks, and the social dimensions of risk (Levine, 1981 Roberts, 1998). Risks from medication trials might include dizziness, dry mouth, sleeplessness, or transient discomforts. But in addition to these physiological risks, one should consider the potential risks associated with the withholding of treatment or the dissemination of inaccurate information that may have negative personal consequence. 

The strict-liability rule assigns fo firms fhe cosfs of residual risks that cannot be cost-effectively eliminated given current information. In turn, firms often have a strong incentive to find, act upon, and disseminate information that lowers their damage costs (or insurance rates), unless they can avoid their liability obligations as described earlier. 

Chemical exposures are not always private. But the ingredients for optimal private exposure also pertain to public exposure basic knowledge about the effects of exposure on healfh, dissemination of that knowledge, the transaction costs of becoming informed about numerous exposure risks, equity considerations, and struggles between emitters and emittees. This chapter does not repeat the discussions of Chapter 3 but discusses the additional considerations relevant to managing public exposures. 

All in all, both models are able to reduce the over-consumption of chemicals due to information asymmetries between producers and users. If producers of chemical substances have advanced knowledge on the efficient application, disposal and recycling of produced chemicals the dissemination of this knowledge is neither required by REACH nor supported by the traditional sales concept. This poses additional risk to human health and the environment. These risks can be avoided by the introduction of Chemical Leasing business models, an innovative approach that delivers incentives for efficient application, disposal and recycling of chemicals. 

A firm s CAPA system and processes should be designed to analyze and respond to quality issues in a systematic way that is commensurate with the risk. The system should provide for the verification or validation of corrective and preventive actions to assure their effectiveness and to assure that actions do not adversely affect the finished product. The system should also assure that pertinent CAPA information is appropriately disseminated throughout the organization as necessary to assure the effective operation of the quality system and for management review. 

EPA is the only entity that has a clear mandate to conduct research to gather information on effective approaches and to transfer that information to all who could use it nationwide. This information collection, evaluation, and dissemination role is a key component of the research function and one that EPA is uniquely suited to serve. In short, no individual local government or private business is likely to fund research needed by many local governments and private businesses to help reduce their waste streams. Yet, as more and more elements of our society become directly involved in the business of risk reduction, such research clearly is needed."... 

In addition to public concern, international conventions to reduce or eliminate emissions of POPs in South Korea took effect in May 2004. The South Korean Government, as a signatory participant of the Stockholm Convention on POPs, plans to ratify the convention. Then the government is obliged to submit a National Implementation Plant (NIP) to minimize POPs emission and update the plan and provide a status report every two years from the time of ratification (Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001). Therefore, it is inevitable that a scientific assessment and review of the domestic status and history of the POPs pollution including emissions, contamination levels (or distribution), exposures, and risks will be needed. This information will be disseminated to the public and also used to develop efficient control... 

This legislation, called REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals), was officially enacted on 1 July 2007. The law ensures that for thirty thousand substances more information will be disseminated, although only about 40 percent of these chemical substances will be researched for potential health and environmental risks. The remaining chemicals will continue to be shrouded in uncertainty. There is also very little research being done regarding the effects of all these substances combined, the so-called chemical cocktail. You can find more information about REACH at these links http //ec. europa.eu/environment/chem icals/reach/reach intro.htm and www. chemicalspolicy.org/downloads/REA CHisHere220307.pdf. 

To disseminate information on hazardous properties of chemicals placed on the market with the purpose of promoting safe use. This is accomplished by hazard warning labelling, safety data sheets and other types of information on risks and safe use. International standards are also applicable to this part of the process. 

To disseminate full information on hazards and possible risks to users of chemicals that are marketed... 

The Standards draw upon information derived from extensive research and development work by scientific and engineering organisations, at national and international levels, on the health effects of radiation and techniques for the safe design and operation of radiation sources and upon experience in many countries in the use of radiation and nuclear techniques. The United Nations Scientific Committee of the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), a body set up by the United Nations in 1955, compiles, assesses and disseminates information on the health effects of radiation and on levels of radiation exposure due to different sources this information was taken into account in developing the Standards. Purely scientific considerations, however, are only part of the basis for decisions on protection and safety, and the Standards implicitly encourage decision-makers to make value judgements about the relative importance of risks of different kinds and about the balancing of risks and benefits. 

AIChE created the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) in 1985 after the chemical disasters in Mexico City, Mexico, and Bhopal, India. The CCPS is chartered to develop and disseminate technical information for use in the prevention of major chemical accidents. The center is supported by more than 100 chemical process industry sponsors that provide the necessary funding and professional guidance to its technical committees. The major product of CCPS activities has been a series of guidelines to assist those implementing various elements of a process safety and risk management system. This book is part of that series. 

---