Asymmetry of information

Capital market inefficiencies exacerbate the problems caused by adverse selection. Because corporate income is doubly taxed, earnings are retained during good times rather than dispersed to shareholders. When the supply of insurance is tight and profits are high, external capital does not enter the industry in optimal amounts because, once it is in the corporate sector, capital is not easily transferred back to individuals without dividend taxation. Also, external and internal capital are not perfect substitutes because of the asymmetry of information. If investors believe the best financial opportunities are reserved for insiders, any attempt to raise public equity is a signal that few profits are available. 

This term gives some information about the asymmetry of the molecular weight distribution and is important in analyzing sedimentation behavior in ultracentrifugation. 

The information requirements to establish justified costs in certain items such as R D and advertising and promotion are numerous, as a result of which the administrative costs of the regulation system can be high, given the existence of information asymmetry between regulator and regulated. 

Uncertainty regarding treatment effectiveness, and more generally, lack of information and asymmetry in the distribution of this information, are a source... 

Myelin in situ has a water content of about 40%. The dry mass of both CNS and PNS myelin is characterized by a high proportion of lipid (70-85%) and, consequently, a low proportion of protein (15-30%). By comparison, most biological membranes have a higher ratio of proteins to lipids. The currently accepted view of membrane structure is that of a lipid bilayer with integral membrane proteins embedded in the bilayer and other extrinsic proteins attached to one surface or the other by weaker linkages. Proteins and lipids are asymmetrically distributed in this bilayer, with only partial asymmetry of the lipids. The proposed molecular architecture of the layered membranes of compact myelin fits such a concept (Fig. 4-11). Models of compact myelin are based on data from electron microscopy, immunostaining, X-ray diffraction, surface probes studies, structural abnormalities in mutant mice, correlations between structure and composition in various species, and predictions of protein structure from sequencing information [4]. 

The asymmetry of the peak intensities can provide useful information in structural analysis. The asymmetry can be ascribed to the Gordanskii effect (J8), relaxation phenomena (6), or the crystal effect (37). The Gordanskii effect was observed in a number of derivatives of... 

The value of the density at the critical point pb, the values of the curvature, and the asymmetry of the curvature provide the information for a density-based classification of chemical bonding. Several parameters are used to classify a bond ... 

From these spectra, one can calculate information about the microscopic structure using mathematical transformations. Nonetheless, the scattering spectra preserve the symmetry of the system and are little works of art in themselves. Figure 8 shows an example, the neutron scattering pattern of a typical lamellar phase. Note the asymmetry of the spectrum it indicates that there is a preferred ordering direction in the system. From the distance of the bright circles to the center, the distance between two lamellae can be calculated. 

Due to the electric quadrupole interaction, the Mi = 1/2 and Mi = 3/2 components of the 7 = 3/2 state of 57Fe split up, giving rise to the quadrupole splitting. Derived from the interaction of the nuclear quadrupole moment with the electric field gradient at the iron nuclei, AEq provides information about the asymmetry of the electron density around the iron nucleus. The electric field gradient at the iron nucleus can be calculated to obtain AEq (97). Since both 6 and AEq are related to the electron density at the nucleus, basis sets with an enlarged flexibility at the core region... 

Fig. 7. The nature of information concerning the mean orientation and dynamics of an internuclear vector r, which can be obtained from RDC analysis. Upon diagonali-zation of the Cartesian dipolar interaction tensor R, described in the text, the mean vector orientation, r, will be described by the Euler angles a and /3. The eigenvalues will correspond to the axial and rhombic order parameters which describe the amplitude of motion. If the motion is asymmetric, as reflected in a nonzero rhombic order parameter, then the principal direction of asymmetry is described by the Euler angle y.

First, let us recall the shortcomings of the sales concept in face of information asymmetries. As stated in section 2, the traditional selling of chemicals, firstly, does not prevent over-consumption. In a competitive market it is rather the aim of the sales concept to sell as much commodities as possible to increase the profits of the sellers. A sales contract consequently provides no incentives to reduce such adverse effects of chemicals on human health and the environment that are related to the quantity of chemicals in use. Secondly, the sales concept provides no incentives for transferring accurate knowledge on the efficient application of the chemical, as this lowers the profits of the sellers. In contrast, Chemical Leasing business models are capable to effectively deal with problems of information asymmetries. Based on the findings of Ohl and Moser (2007), both models introduced above (A and B) show comparative advantages as follows ... 

Surplus application costs - due to probably higher chemical consumption because of information asymmetries regarding the proper application of the chemical ... 

The thermal asymmetry of the Ci. C4 anti-peak gives information about the torsional motion near anti and demonstrates that the potential well is wider in butadiene than for torsional motion about sp3-sp3 linkages. 

Another possibility of analysis is to fit different functions to the force-time data. The research group of Mielck [39, 96-98] described the densification behavior by the pressure-time function (Figure 16). The lower the values of the parameters (5 and y, the more plastically the material deforms the higher the values, the more elastically the material deforms. The parameter y describes the asymmetry of the curve and p the time at maximum densification. A similar function, the Fraser-Suzuki function, which originates from chemical analytics was applied to tableting data [99]. It can also be used to derive parameters that describe the deformation behavior of materials. Information on the reversible and irreversible deformation of the material can be deduced. 

Besides asymmetry, band width may be a source of information also. The width of the d-d bands of TMI complexes adsorbed on an oxidic support can be comparable to or even narrower than those observed for the aqueous precursor complexes. This can be related to a high homogeneity of the molecular environment of TMI on the surface, suggesting a possible molecular recognition character of the adsorption process [73]. 

---