Value 102 judgements

Difficulties will arise in expressing functions that depend on value judgements for example, the social benefits and the social costs that arise from pollution. 

The approach taken by the authors of the two methods is fundamentally different, and this provides a useful cross-check on the predicted values. Judgement must always be used when using predictive methods in design, and it is always worthwhile trying several methods and comparing the results. 

Both of these techniques display features of the dipole moment s direction which are very important. Since there are no experimental data available to compare with these techniques, rendering a value judgement on the accuracy of one technique over another is really impossible. Yet, the comparison itself is of interest. 

Risk assessment is the conventional tool for decision making on the acceptability of chemical use. It is based on predicted exposure levels, predicted no-effect levels of individual chemicals and politically defined degrees of acceptable risk. Each of these processes involves a series of value judgements and estimations. Risk assessment is therefore highly subjective. 

Environmental evaluation and setting priorities for change involve value judgements. No simple metric exists that encompasses the range of environmental issues or addresses the concerns of all stakeholders. 

I ve realized that I ve got to make my own value judgements, based on my own experiences, even though these sometimes seem in conflict with the accepted norms of the company. ... 

What, then, are some of the aspects of liberal education that might engage us I would like to discuss five of them without in any sense presuming to say that there are no others, nor equally important ones. The first is the value judgement that needs to be developed. Then there is a sense of relevance and appropriateness that marks the able mind. Thirdly, there is the ability to reason in the broadest sense. Fourthly, a sensitivity to language, and, fifthly, an innate courtesy which should be sought after and cultivated. 

In this review, in order to help define the field, I will present some of its recent achievements and describe some present exciting opportunities drawn principally from the work of my colleagues and myself at AT T Bell Laboratories. These examples have been chosen to illustrate the attributes (l)-(5) which, I believe, distinguish materials chemistry. Work in Bell Labs is, of course, but a small fraction of materials chemical research world wide my choices for examples have been based on personal knowledge. Neither value judgements nor historical balance are implied. 

The reward systems, which have been dealt with earlier, can be misused with creative people. It is very easy for them to feel that only concrete measures of performance will bring rewards and that the more intangible elements, needed for creative work, will not be given their just value. They will often only respond to value judgements on their creative performance made by somebody whose own creativity, or ability to inspire creativity in others, has been proven. A Manager who has no track record in research has to work hard to get the wholehearted support and respect from high performing researchers. 

The Standards draw upon information derived from extensive research and development work by scientific and engineering organisations, at national and international levels, on the health effects of radiation and techniques for the safe design and operation of radiation sources and upon experience in many countries in the use of radiation and nuclear techniques. The United Nations Scientific Committee of the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), a body set up by the United Nations in 1955, compiles, assesses and disseminates information on the health effects of radiation and on levels of radiation exposure due to different sources this information was taken into account in developing the Standards. Purely scientific considerations, however, are only part of the basis for decisions on protection and safety, and the Standards implicitly encourage decision-makers to make value judgements about the relative importance of risks of different kinds and about the balancing of risks and benefits. 

Quality (value judgement, such as hedonic tone or acceptability). 

A value judgement of lAQ can be given in several ways. One can make a classification (e.g. yes/no), such as ASHRAE 62-1989 [31] uses (is the air acceptable or not), resulting in a percentage of dissatisfied, or one can use a fist of descriptors to describe a chemical substance. The latter is mainly used in the food and perfume industry, from which many classification systems of odours have been developed. 

Suppose, for instance, that we wish to design a study for the treatment of mild hypercholesterolaemia using dietary intervention. The normal range for serum cholesterol is 3-4-6-5 mmol/1, and suppose we use an initial value in the range 6-6-10 mmol/1 as the entry criterion. If the control treatment was to leave their diet unaltered, this would mean that XI would be about 8-3 mmol/1. To find a value for X2, we must decide on the extent to which serum cholesterol would need to be reduced for the intervention to be worthwhile. This is again a value judgement, but... 

Of course this sentaice is laden with value judgements that as critics of the risk tolerability framework have pointed out are socially determined and imply an equal distribution of information, power, influence and control in decision making processes and their social and economic underpinningB that critics also argue to be a frir cry from reality. 

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