Risk assessment 818 INDEX

To establish an overseas investment risk assessment index system for mining enterprises. 

In this paper, the AHP analytic hierarchy process method [7] is used to determine the weighting of risk assessment index. Due to the limited paper length, the calculation method for AHP weighing is omitted. Here, it is assumed that the AHP weighing is... 

The obtained single-factor grey assessment matrix of risk assessment index is... 

Methods for performing hazard analysis and risk assessment include safety review, checkhsts, Dow Fire and Explosion Index, what-if analysis, hazard and operabihty analysis (HAZOP), failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), fault tree analysis, and event tree analysis. Other methods are also available, but those given are used most often. 

INDEX OF CHEMICAL PROCESS QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENTS... 

To assess tlie overall potential for noncarcinogenic effects posed by more dian one chemical, a liazard index (HI) approach has been developed based on EPA s Guidelines for Healdi Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. This approach assumes that simultaneous subtlu eshold exposures to several chemicals could result in an adverse healtli effect. It also assumes tliat tlie magnitude of the adverse effect will be proportional to tlie sum of the ratios of the subtlireshold exposures to acceptable exposures. The non cancer hazard index is equal to tlie sum of the hazard quotients, as described below, where E and tlie RfD represent the same exposure period (e.g., subclironic, clironic, or shorter-term). 

If there are specific data germane to the assumption of dose-additivity (e g., if two compounds arc present at the same site and it is known that the combination is five times more toxic than the sum of the toxicitics for the two compounds), then tire development of the hazard index should be modified accordingly. The reader can refer to the EPA (1986b) mi.xiure guidelines for discussion of a hazjird index equation that incorporates quantitative interaction data. If data on chemical interactions are available, but arc not adequate to support a quantitative assessment, note the information in the assumptions being documented for the risk assessment. 

In health risk assessments, non carcinogenic risks are estimated via Hazard Indices . A general equation for a liazard index (HI) is as follows ... 

A Case Study Advancing Ecological Risk Assessment Methods in the EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Final Report from FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. USEPA, Washington, DC (2001). Also available on the World Wide Web http //www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap 001/index.htm, accessed September 2002. 

It is clear that patients with febrile neutropenia represent a heterogeneous group. Some patients are at lower risk and potentially could be treated as outpatients, thereby avoiding the risk and cost of hospitalization. The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) has validated a risk-assessment tool that assigns a risk score to patients presenting with febrile neutropenia7 (Table 96-3). Patients with a risk-index score of 21 or greater are identified as low risk and are candidates for outpatient therapy (discussed under Treatment ). 

An index is provided to the common and scientific names of approximately 2300 biological species listed in the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment series. A similar index is shown for the approximately 1600 chemicals, chemical trade names, and other substances with known biological properties. 

Major risk factors include current smoker, low body weight (<127 lb in postmenopausal women), history of osteoporotic fracture in a first-degree relative, and personal history of low-trauma fracture as an adult. Other independent risk factors include age, high bone turnover, low body mass index (<19 kg/m2), rheumatoid arthritis, and glucocorticoid use. Decision tools may help identify individuals who should undergo BMD testing, such as the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument and the Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation. 

Fabro, S., Shull, G. and Brown, N.A. (1982). The relative teratogenic index and teratogenic potency Proposed components of developmental toxicity risk assessment. Teratog. Carci-... 

Lipsett MJ, Carmelli D, Winship-Ball A, et al. 1982. Quantitative cancer risk assessment for occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide. Govt Reports Announcements Index (GRA I). Cincinnati, OH Robert A. Taft Labs. NTIS/PB83-184325... 

Reed NR, Narloch BA, Olsen HE, et al. 1987. Health risk assessment of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) in California drinking water. Gov Rep Announce Index. Davis, CA California Public Health Foundation. Order No. PB88-169701, 168. 

The EPA makes decisions about clean-up of abandoned hazardous waste sites under the so-called Superfund law. Risk assessment outcomes are one guide to the decision process. The agency has declared that, for carcinogenic contaminants, clean-up must reach lifetime risks somewhere in the range of one in 10 000 to one-in-one million most decisions seem to aim at risks of one in 100 000 or lower. Hazard index values for non-carcinogens are not expected to exceed one. Costs and technical feasibility figure heavily in these decisions. 

Assessment and Risk Management of Chemicals. Part 1 New Strategies for the Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Substances. See http // www.umweltbundesamt.de/index-e.htm... 

Gros M, Petrovic M, Ginebreda A, Barcelo D (2010) Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes. Environ Int 36 15-26... 

O Riordan, T. and Cameron, J. 1995. Interpreting the Precautionary Principle, London Earthscan Publications. RAF. 2006. The United States Environmental Protection Agency Risk Assessment Forum (RAF) website. http /cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/raf/index.cfm... 

EU. 2007. DG Environment website, http //ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-drink/index en.html OECD. 2003. Descriptions of Selected Key Generic Terms Used in Chemical Hazard/Risk Assessment. Joint Project with IPCS on the Harmonisation of Hazard/Risk Assessment Terminology. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 44. Environment Directorate, Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology. ENV/JM/MONO(2003)15. Paris OECD. 

A Guide to Health Risk Assessment. California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available as a pdf file. Online. Available HTTP (accessed 10 April 2003). 

If pharmacological promiscuity is strongly reduced and only very few activities remain, a risk assessment has to be performed based on the therapeutic index. 

U S Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS), Vol. I Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidancefor Dermal Risk Assessment) Interim, 2004 http //www.epa.gov/oswer/ riskassessment/ragse/index.htm (last accessed 12 July 2010). 

In general, calculation of the risk or dose from waste disposal in the numerator of the risk index in Equation 6.2 or 6.3 involves the risk assessment process discussed in Section 3.1.5.1. As summarized in Section 6.1.3, NCRP recommends that generic scenarios for exposure of hypothetical inadvertent intruders at waste disposal sites should be used in calculating risk or dose for purposes of waste classification. Implementation of models describing exposure scenarios for inadvertent intruders at waste disposal sites and their associated exposure pathways generally results in estimates of risk or dose per unit concentration of hazardous substances in waste. These results then are combined with the assumptions about allowable risk discussed in the previous section to obtain limits on concentrations of hazardous substances in exempt or low-hazard waste. 

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