Teratogenic potency

Wannemacher, R., A. Rebstock, E. Kulzer, D. Schrenk, and K.W. Bock. 1992. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/>-dioxin on reproduction and oogenesis in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Chemosphere 24 1361-1368. Webb, K.E. (ed.). 1984. Dioxin lessons from the Missouri experience. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33 629-734. Weber, H., M.W. Harris, J.K. Haseman, and L.S. Bimbaum. 1985. Teratogenic potency of TCDD, TCDF, and TCDD-TCDF combinations in C57BL/6N mice. Toxicol. Lett. 26 159-167. 

Datson, G.P., Yonker, J.E., Powers, J.F. and Heitmeyer, S.A. (1989). Difference in teratogenic potency of ethylenethiourea in rats and mice Relative contribution of embryonic and maternal factors. Teratology 40 555-556. 

Fabro, S., Shull, G. and Brown, N.A. (1982). The relative teratogenic index and teratogenic potency Proposed components of developmental toxicity risk assessment. Teratog. Carci-... 

Steroidal alkaloids found in Veratrum spp. and Solanum spp. with their relative teratogenic potency, as determined in a hamster bioassay. 

Some examples of carboxylic acids that have high teratogenic potency are illustrated in Figure 4.2 and include valproic acid (12), 2-ethylhexanoic acid (13), 2-propyl-... 

Structural Requirements for High Teratogenic Potency of Carboxylic Acids ... 

Figure 4.1 Summary of structural requirements for high teratogenic potency of carboxylic acids, a) Information obtained or derived from (50-58]. b) Esters of carboxylic...

Figure 4.2 Examples of carboxylic acids known to have high teratogenic potency.

Figure 4.3 Examples of carboxylic acids known or believed to have little or no teratogenic potency.

Weber H, Harris MW, Haseman JK, et al. 1985. Teratogenic potency of TCDD, TCDF, and TCDD-TCDF combinations in C57BL/6N mice. Toxicol Lett 26 159-167. 

Table 2. Relative Teratogenic Potencies of Steroidal Alkaloids...

Appendix) is graphically emphasized in Fig. (11) with values of the relative teratogenic potency of individual steroidal alkaloids from Table 2 placed adjacent to their structural type. The variance in values for the jervanes, solanidanes, and spirosolanes primarily reflects the level of saturation at C-5, C-6 e.g., 100 vs. 40 for jervanes, 32 vs. 9 for solanidanes, and 6 vs. 4 for spirosolanes. In each instance the higher value... 

RELATIVE TERATOGENIC POTENCIES OF STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS Fig. (11). Correlation of relative teratogenic potencies (from Table 2) with steroidal alkaloid structure. For example, values for jervine (100), dihydrojervine (65), cyclopamine (47), and tetrahydrojervine (40) are shown adjacent to the tetrahydrojervine structure that represent jervanes, in general. 

Structures of the steroidal alkaloids whose relative teratogenic potencies are listed in Table 2 and whose embryolethality and teratogenicity is recorded in Table 3 are provided as follows jervine (1), cyclopamine (2), tomatidine (4), and solasodine (6) are listed in the text. Structures for 22/ , 255-solanidine, a-solanine, and ct-chaconine are provided in Fig. (10). In solanidine-N-oxide, the electron pair on the nitrogen atom of solanidine in Fig. (10) is replaced by an oxygen atom. Dihydrosolanidine refers to solanidine with a reduced C-5, C-6 linkage. Dihydrojervine refers to the jervine structure (1) with the C-12, C-13 bond saturated and tetrahydrojervine has both C-5, C-6 and C-12, C-13 linkages saturated. Dihydrosolasodine is shown as structure 6 having C-5, C-6 saturated. 

Toxicity studies of retinoids have involved assessment of teratogenic potential [104,105] and overall toxic effects [63,64] in adult animals upon treatment with retinoids. In general, it appears that the structural features necessary for teratogenic potency overlap with those features required for anti-cancer activity [105]. These requirements may be summarized as follows (1) An acidic polar terminus is necessary. (2) Conjugation in the three double bonds nearest to the polar terminus must be maintained. Unsaturation of the 7,8 double bond is not indispensable. (3) Substitution of non-polar groups in the terminal ring is required. 

Heger, W. King, S. Schmahl, H.-J. Nau, H. Merker, H.-J. Neubert, D. Embryotoxic effects of thahdomide derivatives on the non-human primate Callithrix jacchus 3. Teratogenic potency of the EM12 enantiomers. Arch. Toxicol. 1988, 62, 205-208. 

Other studies include the pharmacokinetics of codeine and metabolic morphine derived from it, the inhibition of tolerance to morphine by naloxone, a review of the tolerance and dependence mechanism for morphine, studies of plasma ° and brain levels affected by the alkaloids, the teratogenic potency of codeine, and the metabolism of morphine. " Analytical methods for the determination of morphine and related compounds in body fluids, for improved recovery from biological tissues, and methods of radio-immunoassay have been described. 

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