Hazard indicators

If the decomposition reaction follows the general rate law, the activation energy, heat of decomposition, rate constant and half-life for any given temperature can be obtained on a few milligrams using the ASTM method. Hazard indicators include heats of decomposition in excess of 0.3 kcal/g, short half-lives, low activation energies and low exotherm onset temperatures, especially if heat of decomposition is considerable. 

One should identify exposure pathways that have the potential to expose the same individual or sub-population at the key exposure areas evaluated in the exposure assessment, making sure to consider areas of highest exposure for each patliway for both current and future land-uses (c.g., nemest down-gradient well, nearest dowiuvind receptor). For each pathway, the risk estimates and hazard indices have been developed for a particular exposure area... 

In health risk assessments, non carcinogenic risks are estimated via Hazard Indices . A general equation for a liazard index (HI) is as follows ... 

The appropriate off-setting factors to allow for the preventative features included in the design are then applied, and final hazard indices calculated. 

Gross M, Petrovic M, Ginebrada A, Barcelo D (2010) Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indices. Environ Int 36 15-26... 

Relative Ranking Techniques (DOW and MOND Hazard Indices) - This method assigns relative penalites and awards points for hazards and protection measures respectivesly in a checklist accounting form. The penalties and award points are combined into an index which is an indication of the relative ranking of the plant risk. 

There are three major categories of filth and extraneous material that constitute contamination potentially hazardous, indicators of insanitation, and aesthetic defects (Zimmerman et al., 2003). Potentially hazardous material includes physical hazards such as hard or sharp objects, chemical hazards such as mites that can cause allergic reactions (Olsen, 1998), or insects that may carry food-borne diseases. Even if insects do not present a health hazard, the presence of insects as foreign matter in food is considered an indication of unsanitary conditions (Zimmerman et al., 2003). The presence of unsanitary conditions can be indicated by the presence of live or dead insects and by intact insects, fragments of insects, or insect products such as... 

US Environmental Protection Agency (1985) Summary of Environmental Profiles and Hazard Indices for Constituents of Municipal Sludge. Methods and Results. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC. 

EPA. 1985. Summary of environmental profiles and hazard indices for constituents of municipal sludge. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 

APPENDIX 6 USEPA LABELING TOXICITY CATEGORIES BY HAZARD INDICATOR 525... 

Pre-design Hazard indices Insurance assessments Hazard studies (coarse scale)... 

In other words, the hazard indicator only refers to toxicological and ecotoxicological profiles that exclude the physico-chemical, biological and environmental fate properties of persistency and bioaccumulation. 

A number of fire tests for polymeric materials have been developed, during the past several years, by the International Standards Organization (ISO). Hopefully, these tests will replace the present national test methods, which often correlate badly with each other. I he development at ISO is aimed at describing the fire properties of polymeric materials comprehensively, with test methods chosen so as to be applicable to all types of samples. At present, the ISO fire test methods are published as standards (ISO R 1182-79 for non-combustible materials, ISO R 1326-70 and ISO R 1210-70 for flame spread, etc.), or as draft for development (DP 5657, ISO/TC 92 N 531-79 as an ignitability test). One can only sympathize with using certain complex fire hazard indices for describing material behavior in fire... 

The ratio referred to in the third step is utilized to quantify risk from noncarcinogens. As the fourth step indicates, the hazard index for individual chemicals may be summed for chemicals affecting a particular target organ or acting by a common mechanism in order to provide a final measure of noncarcinogenic toxic risk. If the sum of hazard indices is less than one, then the risk of adverse health effects is considered acceptable. 

The procedure for recalculating the HI by effect and by mechanism of action is briefly described later. If one of the effect-specific hazard indices exceeds unity, consideration of tlie mechanism of action might be warranted. A strong case is required, however, to indicate tliat two compounds which produce adverse effects on the same organ system (c.g., liver), altliough by different mechanisms, should not be treated as dose additive. Any such determination should be reviewed. 

There are two steps required to determine whetlier risks or hazard indices for two or more pathways should be combined for a single exposed individual or group of individuals. The first is to identify reasonable exposure pathway combinations. The second is to examine whetlier it is likely tliat the same individuals would consistently face the "rcasoiuible nia.ximum exposure (RME) by more tliaii one pathway. 

Table 5.1 EPA toxicity categories by hazard indicator (signal words)...

Hazard Indicators I—Danger-Poison Highly hazardous II—Warning Moderately hazardous HI—Caution Slightly hazardous IV—Caution Relatively nonhazardous... 

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