Polybrominated flame retardant

A limited number of biological analytical approaches have been published for the determination of polybrominated flame retardants and most of them are based on... 

Saito I, Onuki A, Seto H (2007) Indoor organophosphate and polybrominated flame retardants in Tokyo. Indoor Air 17 28-36... 

Pullen S. 2001. Immimotoxic effects of polybrominated flame retardants. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 363(4) R141. 

Striebich RC, Rubey WA, Tirey DA, et al. 1991. High-temperature degradation of polybrominated flame retardant materials. Chemosphere 23(8-10) 1197-1204. 

Knoth, W., Mann, W., Meyer, R. and Nebhuth, J. (2002) Polybrominated flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust. Organohalogen Compounds, 58, 213-16. 

Shelver, W.L., Y.-S. Keum, H.-J. Kim, et al. 2005. Hapten syntheses and antibody generation for the development of a polybrominated flame retardant ELISA. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 3840-3847. 

Polybrominated flame retardants are in extensive use in modem society as additives in many products, e.g. computers, other electronic equipment, furniture, cars, construction materials, sealings, etc. They are lipophilic substances with differing Kow and differing persistence, many of them characterized by very high bioavailability and bioconcentration factors. 

Figure 3.5 Examples of polybrominated flame retardants (PBFRs).

Another MS/MS application for ion trap mass spectrometry involves the analysis of polybrominated flame retardants (PBDEs). As a result of regulations promulgated during the past flve years, such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) [61] and other similar programs, there has been a determined effort to decrease the use of brominated flame retardants in the manufacture of consumer products. The chemical structure for a typical PBDE is illustrated in Eigure 15.42. 

Endocrine disrupting compounds = Exogenous agents that interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior (e.g., alkylphenols, alkylphenol polyethoxylates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phthalates, bisphenol-A, polybrominated flame retardants, dioxins, furans, herbicides, pesticides, and steroid hormones). 

Perhaps the biggest impact will be over the use of solvents since many of the more common organic solvents are under threat from REACH these include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF) and dime-thylacetamide (DMAc). (For more information on solvent substitution guides see Chapter 2, Tools for Facilitating more Sustainable Medicinal Chemistiy , by Helen Sneddon and James Sherwood s Chapter 3 on renewable solvent selection.) The electronics industry has also been subject to chemical legislation that aims to replace especially hazardous substances. RoHS (restriction on hazardous substances) targets certain chemicals, including lead, mercuiy, cadmium chromates and polybrominated flame retardants. ... 

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