Resource and environmental profile

US EPA (1974) Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis of Nine Beverage Container Alternatives. US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) Report No. EPA/530/SW-91c. 

Problem adapted from D.T. Allen, N. Bakshani.and K. Rosselot, Pollution Preiention Homework arid Design Problems for Engineering Curricula, American Institute for Pollution Prevention. New York. 1992. The emissions and energy consumption data are from Franklin Associates, Ltd., Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis of Polyethylene and Unbleached Paper Grocery Sacks. Report prepared for the Council for Solid Waste Solutions, Prairie Village, KS, June 1990. 

Franklin Associates, Ltd., Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis of Foamed Polystyrene and Bleached Paperboard Container. Franklin Assoc., Prairie Village, KS, 1990a. 

Hunt, R. G., and Franklin, W. E., Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis of Beer Containers. Chemtech, American Chemical Soc., Washington, DC, 1975. 

MRI, Resource and environmental profile analysis of plastics and competitive materials. Prepared for the Society of the Plastic Industries, Kansas City, MO, 1974. 

Pranklin Associates. Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis of Polyethylene Milk Bottles and Polyethylene-coated Paperboard Milk Cartons. Prairie Village Franklin Associates 2008. 

Resource and environmental profile analysis (REPA), the forerunner to the current practice of life cycle assessment, focused on quantifying the energy requirements and emissions of a product or process but not the impacts on human health or the ecosystem. Ideally, according to the originators of REPA, the analysis would be linked to a risk assessment of emissions related to a process or product [91,92]. It is worth noting, with respect to the theme of this book, that REPA originated in 1969. Environmental life cycle considerations did not formally enter into product development or modification before that time. 

Life cycle approaches emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s from concerns about limited and nonrenewable natural resources, particularly oil. They came initially in the form of global modelling studies and energy audits, and were referred to as Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis and Net Energy Analysis. 

APC is ready and willing to help the plastics industry worldwide become effective advocates, and we encourage you to visit our website at www.plastics.org and utilize our communications arsenal. Just about every piece of information APC has is available through our website. Please take advantage of it in your daily activism while encouraging others to visit. It s an easy way to refer people to a comprehensive source of facts on a wealth of subjects. APC is a resource and a partner in helping our industry to shape a future that creates a marketplace valuing plastics for their performance, versatility, and environmental profile. 

D6852-02 Standard guide for the determination of bio-based content, resources consumption, and environmental profile of materials and products... 

Extension Toxicology Network, EXTOXNET, 2nd ed., available in hard copy and electronic form from Resource Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1994. Contains 139 pesticide information profiles (PIPs), 16 toxicology information briefs (TIBS), and other information on current issues in pesticide toxicology and environmental chemistry. 

Well head pressures increased when injection was stopped at Well No. 1 for more than 24 h, apparently caused by a combination of precipitation reactions and backflow of sand. Injecting a slug of brine after every period of interrupted flow solved this problem. Movement of the main organic constituents (n-hexylamine, butanal, butanol, and phenol) was assumed to be slowed by adsorption. This conclusion was based on laboratory adsorption experiments by involving a different geologic formation (Cottage Grove sandstone) no direct observations were made of the injected waste. For current hazardous waste injection wells in Texas, the reader can refer to Texas Environmental Profiles web site for on-line resources for the State of Texas.185... 

In concepts for new products the performance, product safety, and product economy criteria are equally important. They are taken into account already when the raw material base for a new industrial product development is defined. Here, renewable resources have often been shown to have advantages compared with fossil feedstock. Over the years it has been demonstrated that the use of vegetable fats and oils in oleochemistry allows the development of competitive, powerful products that are both consumer- and environmentally-friendly. Products from recent developments fit with this requirement profile. 

There are many influences acting upon us today we are seeing intense competition from all parts of the world. Costs for petroleum-based raw materials continue to escalate, while manufacturing remains capital intensive, often with a high environmental profile, and in many cases promising only limited returns. How can we find more profitable opportunities for products and services from renewable resources with lower investment and a favorable environmental profile ... 

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has gained tremendous attention in the past decade due to its desirable characteristics, namely, degradability under biotic or abiotic conditions, non-toxicity of polymer and degradation by-products, and adequate mechanical properties for use in select applications. Copolymerization of naturally occurring L-lactic acid with various polyester-forming monomers may potentially yield materials that display novel physical properties while maintaining reasonable degradation profiles. This approach also offers economical and environmental benefits due to the fact that L-lactic acid can be obtained from renewable resources, such as com. ... 

Given the scope and impact of formulated products, tools are needed to help chemical choosers - whether product developers or purchasers - to identify chemicals with desirable characteristics from the hazard perspective and to determine how the use of a particular chemical will affect the overall hazard profile or greenness of a product. We focus in particular on pubhcly available tools and resources that can support small businesses who may not have extensive environmental health and safety resources but who seek to green their chemical products and inventories. 

The replacement of timber products by nonrenewable materials is an unfortunate development, since it has been repeatedly shown that the use of timber does have associated environmental benefits compared with the use of nonrenewables (e.g. Marcea and Lau, 1992 Hillier and Murphy, 2000 Bowyer etal., 2003 Lippke etal., 2004). Timber has a lower embodied energy content (and hence a more favourable carbon emission profile) compared to most other building materials and can provide other benefits, such as improved thermal properties. It and the products made from it (in common with other renewable materials) can be used as a repository for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Wood is derived from a renewable resource, albeit potentially an exhaustible one unless it is managed correctly. Disposal of wood can be readily achieved with little environmental impact (subject to how the wood has been treated prior to disposal). 

Lu, P.Y., Walton, B.T., Lewis, E.B., Kine, B.W., Scott, J.H., Groover, G.E. (1986) Chemical Information Profile of Selected Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Chemicals. ORNL Internal Report to Roberts. Kerr Res. Lab., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge, TN. 

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