Other Building Materials

About 60% of the natural iron oxide pigments is used to color cement and other building materials (qv). About 30% is consumed in the production of paints. For coloring plastics and mbber, synthetic iron oxide pigments are preferred. The main advantage of the natural iron oxide pigments, as compared to the synthetic ones, is cost. However, the quaHty is inferior, and in most cases, they are consumed in close proximity to the mines. As colorants, the natural iron oxides are about 50% weaker than synthetically produced iron oxides. 

Extmded engineering thermoplastic stock can be treated like other building material ia that it can be machined, cut, and fastened. However, none of the engineering plastics can be considered a one-for-one substitute for metals or wood. For example, impact resistance must be considered, and glues, paints, etc, must be screened for chemical aggressiveness and adhesion capabiUty. 

Where the component is wholly or partly embedded in other building materials, the growth of corrosion products on the face of the metal may cause distortion or cracking of these materials trouble may also arise when the metal is in contact with, although not embedded in, other building materials. 

Zinc Zinc surfaces corrode more slowly in the country than in either marine atmospheres or in industrial areas where sulphur pollution constitutes the main danger both to them and to many other building materials. 

A potential application of this system is the assessment of the curing and efficacy of hydrophobic coatings applied to cementitious and other building materials. In situ work has yet to be carried out, but laboratory studies suggest that this will be possible [23, 24]. The left part of Figure 2.3.11 shows the ingress of a commercial... 

Slenderness considerations are of particular importance to the ductility of structural steel members, Steel, as compared to other building materials used in blast design, is considerably thinner, both in terms of the overall structure anc the components of a typical member cross section. As a result, the effect of ovcratl and local instability upon the ultimate capacity is an important consideration. Width-thickness provisions must be applied not only to the extent that a full plastic capacity can be achieved, but to the extent that higher ductility ratios can also be safely reached. The width-thickness ratios, from Table 8-1 of Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 1992) are used for this purpose. 

The replacement of timber products by nonrenewable materials is an unfortunate development, since it has been repeatedly shown that the use of timber does have associated environmental benefits compared with the use of nonrenewables (e.g. Marcea and Lau, 1992 Hillier and Murphy, 2000 Bowyer etal., 2003 Lippke etal., 2004). Timber has a lower embodied energy content (and hence a more favourable carbon emission profile) compared to most other building materials and can provide other benefits, such as improved thermal properties. It and the products made from it (in common with other renewable materials) can be used as a repository for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Wood is derived from a renewable resource, albeit potentially an exhaustible one unless it is managed correctly. Disposal of wood can be readily achieved with little environmental impact (subject to how the wood has been treated prior to disposal). 

Calcium hydroxide has wide industrial applications. It is used to make cement, mortar, plaster, and other building materials. It also is used in water soluble paints, and for fireproofing coatings and lubricants. Other applications are in the manufacture of paper pulp as a preservative for egg in vulcanization of rubber as a depilatory for hides and in preparation of many calcium salts. 

Some of the most dramatic environmental effects of acid deposition have involved buildings, statues, monuments, and other structures made of metal and stone. The explanation of this kind of damage is obvious Acids in acid deposition react with metals and with many of the compounds of which rock and other building material are made. For example, corrosion occurs when metals such as iron are exposed to hydrogen ions in the presence of oxygen ... 

Emission rates from other building materials such as flooring, paints, varnishes, and sealants also tend to increase, not surprisingly, with temperature (e.g.,... 

The problem of durability in cycles of freezing and thawing has received much attention. In cold climates, cyclic freezing and thawing is certainly one of the more common causes of durability failure of exposed concrete and other building materials. The currently accepted mechanisms of failure in portland cement and sulphur concretes are different. Both mechanisms are discussed for subsequently obvious reasons. 

Another example of an important construction material in the Middle East is portland cement. For example, all-purpose Type I and sulfate-resisting Type V portland cements are manufactured in Saudi Arabia in three plants at Hofuf, Jeddah, and Riyadh. The cement production from the three plants totaled 1,790,000 tons in 1978 which is about a 38.5 percent rise over 1977. Portland cement is a basic construction material, and is primarily consumed by the construction industry. In Saudi Arabia cement does not seem to be encountering competition from any other building materials which are capable of endangering its present level of demand. 

U-Value (U Value) A measure of the amount of heat that is transferred into or out of a building. The lower the U-Value, the higher the insulating value of a window or other building material being rated. It is the reciprocal of an R-Value. See R-Value. ... 

Given the trade and technological details of CEMSIM-GEO, it is - for tractability s sake - a partial equilibrium model. Therefore we ignore the macroeconomic feedbacks, such as possible changes in GDP or exchange rates, although these impacts are expected to be very soft - see, for example, IPCC (2001) for GDP impacts. Furthermore, we do not explicitly model the substitutions between cement and other building materials, but since all the C02-intensive industries are covered by the EU ETS, substitutions should be limited. As a consequence, it does not seem unreasonable to work in partial equilibrium. 

Flammability studies of cellular plastics and other building materials used in interior finishes." Subj. 

Castino, T. G., Beyreis, J. R., Metes, W. S., Flammability Studies of Cellular Plastics and Other Building Materials Used for Interior Finishes, Subject 723, Underwriters Laboratory, Northbrook, IL (1975). 

Another potential source of asbestos release to air is from clutches and brakes on cars and trucks a wide range of air concentrations of asbestos fibers (0.004-16.0 f/mE) has been reported in numerous air sampling studies of workplaces during maintenance and replacement of vehicle brakes (WHO 1998). Release of asbestos from insulation or other building materials is discussed in Section 6.4.1, below. Estimated asbestos emissions from waste disposal from all sources were about 499,000 pounds... 

Individuals residing or working in buildings with insulation or other building materials that may potentially contain asbestiform minerals (for example, vermiculite from the Libby, Montana, mine) are encouraged to ensure that the insulation material is solidly contained and not able to be disturbed and become airborne. If the material is to be removed, special procedures must be followed that minimize the generation of dust and specify appropriate locations for disposal. Individuals can obtain information about asbestos removal and disposal procedures from the 10 regional offices of the EPA. 

Polarized light microscopy is frequently used for determining the asbestos content of bulk samples of insulation or other building materials (see, for example, NIOSH Method 9002 [NIOSH 1989] and OSHA method ID-191 [OSHA 1994]). This method also enables qualitative identification of asbestos types using morphology, color, and refiactive index. 

DIN 52 452, part 1 1981 Testing of building sealants compatibility of sealants compatibility with other building materials. 

Compared with other building materials, zeolite tuffs display higher porosities and weaker mechanical properties, which accounts for their inferior durability. It is noteworthy that, unlike other building materials, zeolitized luffs show no strict relationship between P and... 

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