Geological formation

A considerable body of Hterature has been pubHshed on the distribution and detection methods of mbidium ia geological formations, the oceans, soils, iadustrial particulate emissions, and steUar/iatersteUar formations (2). 

API, Modeling Aerobic Biodegradation of Dissolved Hydrocarbons in Heterogenous Geologic Formations, Pubhcation No. 848-00200, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

Pieces of coal are mixtures of materials somewhat randomly distributed in differing amounts. The mineral matter can be readily distinguished from the organic, which is itself a mixture. Coal properties reflect the individual constituents and the relative proportions. By analogy to geologic formations, the macerals are the constituents that correspond to minerals that make up individual rocks. For coals, macerals, which tend to be consistent in their properties, represent particular classes of plant parts that have been transformed into coal (40). Most detailed chemical and physical studies of coal have been made on macerals or samples rich in a particular maceral, because maceral separation is time consuming. 

Porous Media Packed beds of granular solids are one type of the general class referred to as porous media, which include geological formations such as petroleum reservoirs and aquifers, manufactured materials such as sintered metals and porous catalysts, burning coal or char particles, and textile fabrics, to name a few. Pressure drop for incompressible flow across a porous medium has the same quahtative behavior as that given by Leva s correlation in the preceding. At low Reynolds numbers, viscous forces dominate and pressure drop is proportional to fluid viscosity and superficial velocity, and at high Reynolds numbers, pressure drop is proportional to fluid density and to the square of superficial velocity. 

Underlying geological formations that contain rock fractures or fissures of questionable permeabihty must be permanently sealed to provide a competent barrier to the movement of hquids or gases from the disposal site to usable water. 

Radon gas is formed in the process of radioactive decay of uranium. The distribution of naturally occurring radon follows the distribution of uranium in geological formations. Elevated levels have been observed in certain granite-type minerals. Residences built in these areas have the potential for elevated indoor concentrations of radon from radon gas entering through cracks and crevices and from outgassing from well water. 

Another problem is when the carbon dioxide content of natural gas is too high and must be lowered to produce pipeline-quality gas. Although the current practice is to vent this CO, sequestration of CO, in underground geologic formations is being considered. Already, in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, CO, has been injected into saline aquifers at a rate of 1 million tons a year to avoid... 

It may turn out that the same drilling technology that is being used to extract nil and gas, and that has been adapted for mining, geothermal, and water supply applications, will someday be equally useful in sequestering CO, in appropriate subsurface geologic formations. 

Salt cavities Where the geological formation is favorable, it is possible to leach out salt to create underground... 

Free ground -water. At some depth below the surface, water is constantly present. This distance to the water table may vary from a few metres to hundreds of metres, depending upon the geological formations present. 

Fig. 21.6 Variation of hardness of water in England, Scotland and Wales in relation to geological formations. (After Butler, G. and Ison, H. C. K., Corrosion and Us Prevention in Water, Leonard Hill, London (1966))...

The amount of hardness present in natural surface and groundwaters depends to a large extent on the action of dissolved carbon dioxide in rainwater on the watershed s geological formations (such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum, or magnesite). The dissolved hardness levels remain relatively low because of the sparingly soluble nature of the salts formed. Typically, MU water sources initially contain anywhere from 5... 

C22-0083. Many places have underground water, called aquifers, that can be tapped using wells. Depending on the types of geological formations above these aquifers, water from the surface may or may not reach these underground reservoirs. How could radioactive tracers be used to determine if rainwater falling on a particular location makes Its way down into an aquifer beneath that location ... 

G. S. Penny, R. S. Stephens, and A. R. Winslow. Method of supporting fractures in geologic formations and hydraulic fluid composition for same. Patent US 5009797, 1991. 

Cherdyntsev W, Chalov PI, Khaidarov GZ (1955) Uranium series disequihbrium dating. In Trans. 3 Sess. Commission for determining the absolute age of geological formations, Izd. Akad. Nauk, SSSR, p 175-182... 

An aquifer is in practice defined to be a limited geological formation from which ground water can be pumped by using water wells. 

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