Resins turpentine

Another portion is shaken with ether and filtered, the filtrate being evaporated and the residue examined for fatty oils, resin, turpentine, etc. 

Turpentine oil Pinus palustris and other Pinus species (Pinaceae) distillation of the resin (turpentine) secreted from bark ... 

Wood wastes do sometimes contain substances that are toxic to plants. In the studies with the 28 species of trees, Allison (1965) reported that most of the woods and barks were not toxic, but California incense cedar and white pine bark were very toxic to garden peas even at the rates of 1 and 2% added to soil in the presence of adequate nitrogen and lime. The woods of red cedar, Ponderosa pine, and loblolly pine, and the barks of California incense cedar and yellow poplar were slightly toxic at the 2-4% rates. The toxicity symptoms usually decreased with time during the two- to three-month period following addition to the soil. There have also been reports that a few other woods, such as walnut, hemlock, fir, and balsam are sometimes, but not always, toxic. Toxicity seems to vary with the age of the tree, and is also dependent upon the quantity added and the test plant. Decomposition time curves, reported by Allison, indicate that it is not uncommon for wood products to slightly retard early decomposition, apparently until the toxic materials disappear. The chemical nature of any toxic products present is not known with certainty but some investigators have attributed the toxicity to resins, turpentine and tannins. 

Balsam T Produced by steam distillation from the oil-containing resin (balsamic resin, turpentine), secreted from the trunks of pine trees as pathological symptom (wound balsam) when the outer wood layer is injured. The residue is colophony consisting of di-terpene resin acids. 

Oleoresin A natural plant product that contains oil and resins. Turpentine is an example. 

A varnish is often appHed on top of the paint layers. A varnish serves two purposes as a protective coating and also for an optical effect that enriches the colors of the painting. A traditional varnish consists of a natural plant resin dissolved or fused in a Hquid for appHcation to the surface (see Resins, natural). There are two types of varnish resins hard ones, the most important of which is copal, and soft ones, notably dammar and mastic. The hard resins are fossil, and to convert these to a fluid state, they are fused in oil at high temperature. The soft resins dissolve in organic solvents, eg, turpentine. The natural resin varnishes discolor over time and also become less soluble, making removal in case of failure more difficult (see Paint and FINNISH removers). Thus the use of more stable synthetic resins, such as certain methacrylates and cycHc ketone resins, has become quite common, especially in conservation practice. 

Terpenes, specifically monoterpenes, are naturally occurring monomers that are usually obtained as by-products of the paper and citms industries. Monoterpenes that are typically employed in hydrocarbon resins are shown in Figure 2. Optically active tf-limonene is obtained from various natural oils, particularly citms oils (81). a and P-pinenes are obtained from sulfate turpentine produced in the kraft (sulfate) pulping process. Southeastern U.S. sulfate turpentine contains approximately 60—70 wt % a-pinene and 20—25 wt % P-pinene (see Terpenoids). Dipentene, which is a complex mixture of if,/-Hmonene, a- and P-pheUandrene, a- and y-terpinene, and terpinolene, is also obtained from the processing of sulfate Hquor (82). 

P-Pinene Manufacture. p-Pinene is obtained by fractionation of turpentine. The price of p-pinene, min 97%, was 5.28/kg in 1995 and that quahty is used mosdy in flavor and perfumery appUcations (45). Most of the P-pinene produced by the turpentine fractionators is used captively for producing fragrance chemicals or for P-pinene resins. P-Pinene is shipped in tank cars, tank wagons, deck tanks, and lined dmms. Prolonged storage requires conditions precluding autooxidation and polymerization. 

Uses ndReactions. Some of the principal uses for P-pinene are for manufacturing terpene resins and for thermal isomerization (pyrolysis) to myrcene. The resins are made by Lewis acid (usuaUy AlCl ) polymerization of P-pinene, either as a homopolymer or as a copolymer with other terpenes such as limonene. P-Pinene polymerizes much easier than a-pinene and the resins are usehil in pressure-sensitive adhesives, hot-melt adhesives and coatings, and elastomeric sealants. One of the first syntheses of a new fragrance chemical from turpentine sources used formaldehyde with P-pinene in a Prins reaction to produce the alcohol, Nopol (26) (59). 

Wood is the raw material of the naval stores iadustry (77). Naval stores, so named because of their importance to the wooden ships of past centuries, consist of rosin (diterpene resin acids), turpentine (monoterpene hydrocarbons), and associated chemicals derived from pine (see Terpenoids). These were obtained by wounding the tree to yield pine gum, but the high labor costs have substantially reduced this production in the United States. Another source of rosin and turpentine is through extraction of old pine stumps, but this is a nonrenewable resource and this iadustry is in decline. The most important source of naval stores is spent sulfate pulpiag Hquors from kraft pulpiag of pine. In 1995, U.S. production of rosin from all sources was estimated at under 300,000 metric tons and of turpentine at 70,000 metric tons. Distillation of tall oil provides, in addition to rosin, nearly 128,000 metric tons of tall oil fatty acids annually (78). 

Tall oil [8002-26-4] has been referred to as the largest and fastest growing source of extractives such as turpentine and resin. It can be refined to give tall oil fatty acids (see Carboxylic acids) and tall oil pitch as well as resins. These fatty acids compete with fatty acids from vegetable sources for many of the same industrial markets. 

A rather impressive Hst of materials and products are made from renewable resources. For example, per capita consumption of wood is twice that of all metals combined. The ceUulosic fibers, rayon and cellulose acetate, are among the oldest and stiU relatively popular textile fibers and plastics. Soy and other oilseeds, including the cereals, are refined into important commodities such as starch, protein, oil, and their derivatives. The naval stores, turpentine, pine oil, and resin, are stiU important although their sources are changing from the traditional gum and pine stumps to tall oil recovered from pulping. 

I.4. Polyterpene resins. Terpene resins are obtained from natural terpene monomers obtained from naval stores, paper pulp production, and citrus juice production. Terpenes are found in almost all living plants, and the turpentine oil from pine trees is the most important source. 

Crude turpentine is distilled to obtain refined products used in the fragrance and flavour industry. Only the unsaturated mono- and bicyclic terpenes are of interest for resin production. These are mainly a-pinene, p-pinene and dipentcne (D,L-limonene) (Fig. 17). D-Limonene is obtained by extraction of orange peel in citrus fruits. 

The essential oil from the oleo-resin of Chinese turpentine (botanical origin unknown) contains a tricyclic sesquiterpene, having the following characters —... 

Terpentin-harz, n. turpentine resin. -81, n. (oil of) turpentine rosin oil. -fllersatz, m. turpentine substitute, -Olfimis, m. turpentine varnish, -olseife, /. turpentine-oil soap, -pech, n. turpentine pitch, -salbe, /. turpentine ointment, -spiritus, m. = Terpen-tingeist. 

Explds at 60° after 13 sec in a sealed glass tube (Ref 4). Explds spontaneously when frozen and then thawed. Compd is a violent expl, extremely sensitive to impact or friction. It Jalso explds on exposure to strong light (sunlight or diffused), or when in contact with P, As, ozone, fused alkalies, and organic matter such as turpentine rubber, but not with sugar or resins. Metals strong acids do not cause it to expld,... 

Plastrit or piastrotyl. Plastic expls patented in 1906 by C.E. Bichel. They were prepd by mixing 85—87p of TNT with liq and/or solid resins (such as copaiba, balsam, benzoin gum, styrax, turpentine, etc), and collodion cotton, with or without liq DNT Refs 1) Colver (1918), 249 2) PATR 2510... 

Coniferales Pinaceae Pinus (pine resin, colophony) Abies (Strasbourg turpentine) Larix (Venice turpentine) Abietadienic acids, pimaradienic acids Abietadienic acids, pimaradienic acids, cis abienol Abietadienic acids, pimaradienic acids, epimanool, larixol, larixyl acetate... 

The plants that exude diterpenoid resins belong to the order of conifers. Pine resins (from the Firms genus), Strasburg turpentine (from the Abies genus), Venice turpentine (from Larix decidua) were extracted from Pinaceae. Sandarac, juniper and cypress resins were extracted from trees of the Cupressaceae family Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus spp. and Cupressus semprevirens, respectively. Moreover, labdanum resin from the Cistaceae family (Cistus spp.) also belongs to the diterpenoid resins. 

D. Scalarone, M. Lazzari, O. Chiantore, Ageing behaviour and pyrolytic characterisation of diterpenic resins used as art materials colophony and Venice turpentine, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 64, 345 361 (2002). 

In the nineteenth century dammar, a soft resin derived from trees of southern Asia was introduced in Europe and used for making colourless varnish. Mixed with oil of turpentine it has become the preferred varnish for oil painting, due to its superior optical properties and better ageing stability than the other natural resins. 

The terpenoid resins commonly used as artists materials were colophony, Venice turpentine, mastic, dammar, copals and sandarac, and most of the scientific literature concerning the identification of Old Master varnishes and the study of their degradation focuses on these resins. 

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