Plants natural resins

Collective name for resins of plant or animal origin - the sole example of the latter that has attained technical importance is shellac (shellac wax). The plant natural resins are based on secretions exudates) of particular plants, mostly trees, from natural or artificial (cuts in the bark) injuries. These exudates normally occur in the form of sticky masses that harden in the air as a result of evaporation of volatile components and/or polymerization and oxidation reactions. 

A varnish is often appHed on top of the paint layers. A varnish serves two purposes as a protective coating and also for an optical effect that enriches the colors of the painting. A traditional varnish consists of a natural plant resin dissolved or fused in a Hquid for appHcation to the surface (see Resins, natural). There are two types of varnish resins hard ones, the most important of which is copal, and soft ones, notably dammar and mastic. The hard resins are fossil, and to convert these to a fluid state, they are fused in oil at high temperature. The soft resins dissolve in organic solvents, eg, turpentine. The natural resin varnishes discolor over time and also become less soluble, making removal in case of failure more difficult (see Paint and FINNISH removers). Thus the use of more stable synthetic resins, such as certain methacrylates and cycHc ketone resins, has become quite common, especially in conservation practice. 

Oleoresin. Natural oleoresins are exudates from plants, whereas prepared oleoresins are solvent extracts of botanicals, which contain oil (both volatile and, sometimes, fixed), and the resinous matter of the plant. Natural oleoresins are usually clear, viscous, and light-colored Hquids, whereas prepared oleoresins are heterogeneous masses of dark color. 

Resin and Resinoid. Natural resins are plant exudates formed by the oxidation of terpenes. Many are acids or acid anhydrides. Prepared resins are made from oleoresins from which the essential oil has been removed. A resinoid is prepared by hydrocarbon extraction of a natural resin. 

Natural resins are generally described as solid or semisolid amorphous, fusible, organic substances that are formed in plant secretions. They are usually transparent or translucent yeUow-to-brown colored, and are soluble in organic solvents but not in water. The principal uses for natural resins are in varnishes, printing inks, adhesives, paper size, and polymer compositions. The term natural resins includes tree and plant exudates, fossil resins, mined resins, and shellac. They often have been altered from their original state during isolation and processing. For some appHcations, the resins have been chemically modified to increase their industrial utiUty. 

Class of colloidal substances prepared from plants. Composed of complex carbohydrates and organic acids that swell in water. Also, a number of natural resins are gums. 

Natural resins Pine resins, sandarac, copals, mastic, dammar, amber, frankincense, benzoe, styrax, myrrh, (plant resins) shellac (animal resin) tar and pitch (from thermal treatment of plant resins or wood) Varnishes, coatings, waterproofing materials, paint binders, ingredients of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations... 

Natural resins are substances with a high viscosity, semisolids or solid and insoluble in water. They are formed in the so-called resiniferous canals of several trees. Many varieties of plants spontaneously exude resins as a product of their metabolism, to protect themselves against excessive loss of water and attack from micro-organisms. 

Triterpenoids (C30 compounds) are the most ubiquitous of the terpenoids and are found in both terrestrial and marine flora and fauna (Mahato et al., 1992). Diterpenoids and triterpenoids rarely occur together in the same tissue. In higher plants, triterpenoid resins are found in numerous genera of broad-leaved trees, predominantly but not exclusively tropical (Mills and White, 1994 105). They show considerable diversity in the carbon skeleton (both tetracyclic and pentacyclic structures are found) which occur in nature either in the free state or as glycosides, although many have either a keto or a hydroxyl group at C-3, with possible further functional groups and/or double bonds in the side-chains. 

Until the use of more environmentally friendly methods of preservation are used as standard throughout the lumber industry, you may prefer to ask a sawmill or fencing supplier to supply untreated wood. You can treat this yourself using eco-friendly products based on natural plant oils, resins, and other less toxic materials. 

Formalin is an aqueous solution of approximately 40% formaldehyde. It was traditionally used to preserve biologic specimens, but its identification as a mild carcinogen has curtailed its use as a preservative. Formaldehyde is widely used to produce synthetic resins. Resins are sticky, liquid organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They often harden when exposed to air. Many commercial types of glue are resins. Natural resins are produced by plants as a response to damage. When a plant suffers external damage, natural resins flow to the area and harden to protect the underlying... 

When turpentine has been distilled from plant resin, the remaining residue is rosin, which is used to increase surface friction. Rosin may also be derived directly from plants, if the natural resin is dehydrated. The common uses of rosin are in soldering flux, and as a surface treatment on stringed musical instruments. Athletes also use rosin to enhance the grip of hands and feet in many fields, from gymnastics to ballet. 

Resin. (1) A highly cross-linked polymer. (2) Natural resins generally high molecular weight, transparent to translucent, yellowish to brown plant secretions that are soluble in organic solvents but not in water. 

Kopals are semi fossilized natural resins, which were secreted by Caesalpiniaceae, a treelike papilionaceous plant, thousands of years ago. Found as lumps embedded in sandy soil and collected manually in Tanzania, Congo, and the Philippines, the resin was used in the past in manufacturing oil paints [cited in C.G. Willson, R.A. Dammel, and A. Reiser, Photoresist materials a historical per spective, Proc. SPIE 3050, 38 51 (1997)]. 

Natural resins are usually secreted by various plants (e.g., oleoresin). 

Refers to any of a class of amorphous solids or semisolids. Natural resins occur as plant exudations (e.g., of pines and firs), and are also obtained from certain scale insects. They are typically yellow to brown in color, tasteless, and translucent or transparent. Oleoresins contain essential oils and are often sticky or plastic other resins are exceedingly hard, brittle, and resistant to most solvents. Resins are used in varnish, shellac, and lacquer and in medicine. Synthetic resins, e.g., bakelite, are widely used in making plastics. Refer to Varnish and Shellac. 

Natural plant resins are valuable for their chemical properties and uses like the production of varnishes (transparent, hard, protective films for the finishing of wood and other materials). Varnishes are generally a combination of a resin, a drying oil, and a solvent. After resin varnishes are applied to a surface, they usually become hard as soon as the solvent evaporates. Shellac is a varnish that uses a natural resin from insects. It is mostly applied to surfaces that remain indoors. The shellac resin is secreted by a female lac insect called Kerria lacca, found in the forests of Thailand [3]. Lacquer, a coating made from the sap of the lacquer tree Rhus verniciflura, is typically more durable than shellac [4]. 

The modem era of composites began after the developed of plastics by scientists. Until then, the only source of glues and binders were natural resins derived from plants and animals. In the early 1900s, various plastics like... 

Fossil resin n. A natural resin obtained from fossilized remnants of plant or animal hfe. An example is amber, a fossilized resin derived from an extinct species of pine. 

Natural resin n. A resin produced by nature, mostly by exudation from certain trees from cuts or tears in the bark. Lac resin is secreted by the lac insect and is refined to make shellac. Some of the tree resins are copal, rosin, and sandarac, at one time widely used in wood finishes. Langenheim JH (2003) Plant resins chemistry, evolution ecology and ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 

Natural Fiber Cornposites. Replacing synthetic fibers with natural fibers such as hemp and flax has both environmental and economic advantages. Unlike carbon and glass fibers, natural fibers are abundantly available from renewable resources. In terms of cost, natural fibers are cheaper than the synthetic alternatives. Natural fibers and plant-based resins have been shown to combine to produce low cost composites with good mechanical properties (a tensile strength... 

---