Venice turpentine

Coniferales Pinaceae Pinus (pine resin, colophony) Abies (Strasbourg turpentine) Larix (Venice turpentine) Abietadienic acids, pimaradienic acids Abietadienic acids, pimaradienic acids, cis abienol Abietadienic acids, pimaradienic acids, epimanool, larixol, larixyl acetate... 

The plants that exude diterpenoid resins belong to the order of conifers. Pine resins (from the Firms genus), Strasburg turpentine (from the Abies genus), Venice turpentine (from Larix decidua) were extracted from Pinaceae. Sandarac, juniper and cypress resins were extracted from trees of the Cupressaceae family Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus spp. and Cupressus semprevirens, respectively. Moreover, labdanum resin from the Cistaceae family (Cistus spp.) also belongs to the diterpenoid resins. 

D. Scalarone, M. Lazzari, O. Chiantore, Ageing behaviour and pyrolytic characterisation of diterpenic resins used as art materials colophony and Venice turpentine, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 64, 345 361 (2002). 

The terpenoid resins commonly used as artists materials were colophony, Venice turpentine, mastic, dammar, copals and sandarac, and most of the scientific literature concerning the identification of Old Master varnishes and the study of their degradation focuses on these resins. 

The composition of colophony is very similar to that of Venice turpentine, a resin exuded by Larix species thus, in both cases the THM procedure is advisable in order to... 

Characteristic markers of Venice turpentine are larixol and larixyl acetate, but in many cases they may remain undetected, as larixyl acetate hydrolyses and the methylation of hydroxyl groups is not as effective as for carboxylic acids. On-line derivatization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is, for instance, scarcely effective on hydroxyl groups and involves a number of secondary reactions (isomerization, dehydration and cleavage of hydrolysable bonds) due to the strong alkalinity of the TMAH solution. When the experimental conditions are such that THM of labdanes occurs larixol and larixyl acetate are detected as a single peak since in the derivatization process larixyl acetate is hydrolysed to larixol [29]. 

In Pinaceae resins, for instance, fully trimethylsilylated derivatives of 7-hydroxy-DHA, 15-hydroxy-DHA and 15-hydroxy-7-oxo-DHA have been identified, as well as all the other abietadiene and pimaranediene acids present in these resins. The derivatization was ineffective on some labdane alcohols such as larixyl acetate, a marker compound for Venice turpentine, but in general labdane compounds have been identified in their trimethylsilylated form. Labdane acids, such as communic, agathic, agathalic, agatholic and acetoxy agatholic acids, that are among the most important constituents of sandarac... 

To Hake Hatches Without Sulphur. To obviate the use of sulphur for igniting tho wood of the match, the ends of the matches aro first slightly charred by rubbing them against a red hot iron plate, and then dipped into as much white wax, melted in a suitable vessel, as will cover the bottom about i inch in depth. Or they may be dipped into camphorated spirit. Or into a solution of 1 ounce Venice turpentine and k ounce camphor, in pint oil of turpentine, with a little gum-benzoin and eascarilla by way of perfume. After any of the above preparations the matches are ready for dipping in the phosphorus paste. 

Analytical pyrolysis has been proven a very useful tool in the identification of resins used for artistic objects [16,17], The pyrograms of Manila copal, colophony, Venice turpentine, elemi, shellac, dammar, sandarac, and mastic were obtained and used as fingerprints for these materials. Manila copal, colophony, and Venice turpentine were characterized by the presence of a degradation compound from abietic acid (as the source of these resins is from species of Coniferae), probably methyl-isopropylnaphthalene. Elemi has a characteristic peak for elemicine, shellac showed a series of fatty acids, dammar showed the presence of sesquiterpenes (see Section 6.3), sandarac was characterized by a phenolic compound, totarol, and mastic was also identified by specific sesquiterpenes [17]. 

The dried resin of the coniferae is used in match compositions, or for mixing with the stearin Venice turpentine is the best. Addition of resin causes the flame to smoke strongly. The addition of insoluble synthetic resins as binding material is claimed to give a match-head unaffected by water. 

Venice Turpentine. A liquid Tesin which exudes from the larch tree. The Venice tu entino usually met with is a factitious article composed of 2 gallons oil of tuipentino added to 48 pounds melted black ream. (Coofey.)... 

Gonorrhea Pills, Take 48 grains powdered cubebs, 24 grains solid balsam of copaiba (powdered), 12 grains sulphate of iron, and 36 grains Venice turpentine. Make into 24 pills. 

Venice Turpentine Ointment. Venice turpentine, 2 ounces tar, 1 ounce butter, 4 ounces. Simmer until they are well mixed. This is very good for scald-head, ringworm, < c. First wash the head well witu soap and water, and then apply the ointment. 

Green Basilicon Ointment. Yellow wax and yellow resin, of each 3 ounces Venice turpentine, 6 ounces powdered verdigris, 1 ounce lard, 6 onnees. Melt first the resin, Ac., as before. Very efficacious in healing cuts, abscesses, and local affections of any kind. 

Black, or Healing Sa ve. Olive oil, I pint common resin, 4 ounce bees -wax, 4 ounce Venice turpentine, 4 ounce . Melt, raising the oil nearly to the boiling point then gradually add 2 or 3 ounces powdered red lead while on the fire do not bum it boil slowly till it becomes a dark broxm remove from the fire, and add 1... 

Beduced Balsam of Coimiba, Balsam of copaiba, 4 pounds castor oil, 3 pounds mix. Or Balsam of copaiba. 7 pounds castor oil, 4 pound.s yellow resin, 2 pounds. Or Equal parts of balsam of copaiba and balsam of Canada mixed together. Or To tho last add 2 pounds of Venice turpentine. Or Balsams of Canlula am I copai bo, and nut or castor oil, cyellow resin, 2 pounds balsam of Canada, 1 pound. Tho above arc tho forms for tho reduction of copaiba balsam, that have from time to time been circulated in tho dnig trade. For the mode of distinguishing such compounds from tho pure balsam, see next receipt. 

Or Yellow wax, 4 ounces olive oil and Venice turpentine, of each 1 pound alkonet root, 2 ounces as last. Used as a pectoral in coughs and colds. Dose, h to 1 tea-spoonful mixed with the satno quantity of conserve of roses. 

To Cure Felons. Stir 4 tea-spoonful water into 1 ounce Venice turpentine with a rough stick until the mixture appears like granulated honey. Wrap a good coating of it round the finger with a cloth. If the felon is only recent, tho pain will bo removed in 6 honrs. 

Chilblain Balm. Boil together 10 fluid ounces olive oil, 2 fluid ounces Venice turpentine, and 1 ounce yellow wax strain, and while still warm odd, constantly stirring, 24 drachma balaam of Peni,. and 0 grains camphor. 

Oiiitifient, Tobacco..49GI, 5290, Ac. Ointment, Venice Turpentine..4958... 

Another varnish may be made by using gum shellac, oneounoe gum sandarac> one ovxxxce Venice turpentine, onedrachm and ninety-eight per cent, alc ol, one gallon. 

Venice Turpentine.-A. liquid resin which exudes from the larch t ree. The Venice turf>enUnH usually met with is turpentine to which ia added a quantity of black melted resin. 

Venice Turpentine, Larcb turpentine. Oleoresin from Larix decidua Mill. (L. eurapaea Lam. Sc DC.), Pina-ceae. Habit. Middle and Southern Europe. Constit. Volatile oil. resin. Use in light microscopy D A. Johansen, Plant Microtechnique (McGraw Hill, New York, 1940) pp 115-116,... 

Turpentiae Soap, or Starkey s Soap, is prepared as follows — Take of Venice turpentine, oil of turpentine, and carbonate of potash, of each equal parts place these in a mortar (previously warmed), and triturate them together, adding a little water, un a homogeneous mass is formed put it into a paper mould, and after a few days cut the soap into slices, and keep them in a well-stoppered bottle. 

Copper resinate n. Green compound formed by dissolving copper acetate, verdigris or other copper salt in Venice turpentine, balsam, or similar resinous solutions. 

Venice turpentine n. Same as larch turpentine, the oleoresin of the European larch tree (Larix europea or Larix deciduas). The term is also now used widely to describe the clear yellow liquid portion of pine oleoresin, or a synthetic product of similar composition made by dissolving rosin in a terpene solvent. 

Similar exudations from other trees have been used, for instance Venice turpentine from Larix decidua and Canada balsam from Abies balsamea (Mills and White, 1994). Their overall composition based on mono- and diterpenes and properties are similar, varying slightly with differences in composition. 

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