Tetraclinis articulata

Cupressaceae Juniper, Cupressus, Tetraclinis articulata (sandarac) Pimaradienic acids (sandaracopimaric acid), communic acid, totarol... 

The plants that exude diterpenoid resins belong to the order of conifers. Pine resins (from the Firms genus), Strasburg turpentine (from the Abies genus), Venice turpentine (from Larix decidua) were extracted from Pinaceae. Sandarac, juniper and cypress resins were extracted from trees of the Cupressaceae family Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus spp. and Cupressus semprevirens, respectively. Moreover, labdanum resin from the Cistaceae family (Cistus spp.) also belongs to the diterpenoid resins. 

Of the Cupressaceae family, sandarac (from Tetraclinis articulata) has frequently been used as a paint varnish. It contains labdane compounds that account for the polymeric fraction of the resin (about 70%) [31]. The main monomeric diterpenoid present is sandaracopimaric acid, together with smaller amounts of 12-acetoxysandaracopimaric acid. Phenols, including totarol, are also present [31]. 

Tetraclinis articulata (Cupressaceae), Magnolia obovata, M. officinalis (Magnoliaceae) [stem bark]... 

Sandarac. Light yellow conifer resin consisting of a mixture of terpenoid resin acids, especially pimaric (80%), callitrolic (10%), and sandaricinic acids (10%). S. is obtained from the bark of the North African sandarac cypress [Tetraclinis articulata (Callitris quadri-va/vis)].Mp. 135-140 °C, soluble in many organic solvents and turpentine oil. S. is used in the manufacture of special paints, polishes, putty, dental cement, and as a substitute for shellac (shellac wax). 

Camphene is found in higher concentrations in the essential oils of common coniferous trees, for example, Abies alba or Tetraclinis articulata, in the rhizome of Zingiber officinale as well as in S. officinalis and R. officinalis (Bornscheuer et al 2014). There is only one publication on various biotransformation products in the urine of rabbits after its oral administration. As shown in Figure 9.2, camphene is metabolized into two diastereomeric glycols (camphene-2,10-glycols). Their formation obviously involves two isomeric epoxide intermediates, which are hydrated by epoxide hydrolase. The monohydroxylated camphene and tricyclene derivatives were apparently formed through the nonclassical cation intermediate (Ishida et al., 1979). So far, there are no studies available about the biotransformation of camphene in humans. 

Buhagiar JA,PodestaMT, Wilson AP, Micallef MJ, Ali S (1999) The induction of apoptosis in human melanmna, breast and ovarian cancer cell lines using an essential oil extract from the conifer Tetraclinis articulata. Anticancer Res 19 5435... 

Constit. of Pinus, Juniperus and Cupressus spp. Also from Cryptomera japonica, Tetraclinis articulata, Callitris sp. and Agathus australis. Cryst. (MeOH aq.). Mp 171-173° (softens at 163°). [a]j3 —20° (c, 2.6 in CHCI3). 3P-Hydroxy [35951-45-2]. 3P-Hydroxyisopimara-% 14), 15-dien- %-oic acid. 3 P-Hydroxy sandaracopimaric acid C20H30O3 M 318.455... 

Sandarac originates from Morocco, North America and Australia and is exuded from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast (Callitris quadrivalois Vent.). It softens at 100-130 °C and has an a.v. of 117-155. Solutions in alcohol have been used for generations as preserving finishes for fine paintings. The r. is a fumigant. 

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