Resins labdanum

The plants that exude diterpenoid resins belong to the order of conifers. Pine resins (from the Firms genus), Strasburg turpentine (from the Abies genus), Venice turpentine (from Larix decidua) were extracted from Pinaceae. Sandarac, juniper and cypress resins were extracted from trees of the Cupressaceae family Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus spp. and Cupressus semprevirens, respectively. Moreover, labdanum resin from the Cistaceae family (Cistus spp.) also belongs to the diterpenoid resins. 

Labdanum resin (from the Cistaceae family) contains diterpenoid compounds with a labdane-type structure, namely laurifolic, cistenolic and labdanolic acids [100 103]. 

Scheme 2.2.7.8 Synthesis of lactone (R) -16, a natural fragrance compound occurring in the essential oil of labdanum resin [30].

The name labdane stems from Cistus labdaniferus (C sXacQzs) growing in Mediterranean countries (southern parts of France and Italy, Spain). This shrub and other Cistus species excrete the dark brown labdanum resin this has a pleasant smell like ambergris and contains not only a-pinene but also labdan-8a,15-diol and 8p-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid. 

Labdanum resin absolute through alcohol extraction of the crude resin. 

Resins such as myrrh, frankincense, and labdanum achieved prominence early in antiquity for their fragrant smell and were used for making perfumes and medicines as well as for burning as incense during religious services and ritual ceremonies (Morris 1984). Some well-known incense resins are listed in Table 76. 

The first results encouraged the authors to analyse, by headspace SPME, substances mentioned in ancient texts or hieroglyphics as components of embalming fluids [true resins such as mastic, labdanum and pine resin or pine pitch and gum resins such as olibanum, myrrh and galbanum] [27, 28] with the aim of finding characteristic chemical compounds for each type of resin or gum resin. 

The major compounds extracted from labdanum were dihydrocinnamic acid (39), which is not found in other resins or gum resins and the relatively uncommon aromadendr-1 -ene (51) and ledene (61). Three minor diterpenes are also characteristic [40]. 

The word "chypre derives from the island of Cyprus, which for many centuries was the meeting point between East and West for the trade in aromatic materials. During the nineteenth century it became famed for the production of perfumes combining the citrus oils, floral pomades, and labdanum of the Mediterranean region, with resins and gums, such as styrax, incense, opoponax, and myrrh, imported from Arabia. Animal products such as civet from Ethiopia and musk from the Himalayas were also among the most valued commodities. 

Qsclareol belongs to the sizable class of labdanoid di-terpenes. The name is derived from labdanum, a resin found in certain rock rose (Cistus) species, from which the first member with this core structure was isolated. 

Labdanum gum and concrete contain volatile oil, paraffins, and resins. The resins consist of acidic constituents (e.g., labdanolic acid, 6-oxo-cativic acid, cinnamic acids, anisic acid, arachic acid, behenic acid butyric, malo-nic, and oxalic acids) and neutral labdane compounds (e.g., labdane-8a,15-diol, labdane 8a,15,19a-triol, 15-nor-8-labdanol, labd- 8(17)-en-15-ol, and 15-hydroxy-7-lab-... 

GUM LABDANUM is a dark-brown to black resin obtained from a species of evergreen shrubs known as Cistus and native to the Mediterranean region. Its flavor is bitter its odor fragrant. Absolute and soluble forms are sold. Medicinally it is used as a stimulant and industrially as a perfume fixative. 

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