Crude turpentine

Crude turpentine is distilled to obtain refined products used in the fragrance and flavour industry. Only the unsaturated mono- and bicyclic terpenes are of interest for resin production. These are mainly a-pinene, p-pinene and dipentcne (D,L-limonene) (Fig. 17). D-Limonene is obtained by extraction of orange peel in citrus fruits. 

Production of Hydrocarbons from Turpentine. In 1993, U.S. production of crude turpentine was over 128 million liters at an average price of SO.21 kg and includes cmde sulfate turpentine and turpentine from thermomechanical processes (5). In the same year, over 5.9 million liters of gum, wood, or sulfate turpentine was imported into the United States, with the majority coming from Canada exports from the United States amounted to 6.16 million liters. 

In early times, large quantities of crude turpentine were used to waterproof the rigging of the sailing vessels and to calk the seams of the hull. 

Crude turpentine may contain small quantities (usually not more than 2%) of extraneous substances, such as soil, sand, fragments Of bark and the like. In some cases clay is added fraudulently. 

Rosin—Colophony.— The solid resin left as a residue when crude turpentine is distilled is known as rosin or colophony. It is a hard, brittle resin, too brittle to make a good varnish. The chief uses of rosin are in soap making (resin soaps), varnishes, sealing wax and in sizing paper. Sealing wax is a mixture of rosin, shellac, turpentine and mineral substances such as chalk, burnt gypsum, kaolin, etc. 

Galipot 4331 The crude turpentine oleoresln formed as an exudation upon the bark of the cluster oine (Pinus pinaster) in southern Europe,... 

Rosin—A resin obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude turpentine from the sap of the pine tree (gum rosin), or from an extract of the stumps and other parts of the tree (wood rosin). 

The availability of the crude turpentine and tall oil soap by-products in a mill is strongly dependent on the wood species used for pulping, the method and time of storing logs and chips and the growth conditions of the trees. However, even among extractive-rich pine species, there is significant variation in the availability of these by-products. 

Numerous members of the family of the Conifera contain large. quantities of resin, and an oil consisting almost entirely of terpenes, in well-characterised resin ducts in the wood. This is especially the case with the various species, of pine. The exudation from the wood, an oleo-resin, is often known as crude turpentine. Oil of turpentine, or, as it is generally called, turpentine or turps, is the oil obtained by distilling this, leaving the crude resin or rosin behind. 

The composition of turpentine varies depending on the species of tree from which it is produced and plantations may contain a variety of species and chemotypes, therefore the composition of crude turpentine is subject to variation. The largest production is sulfate turpentine from the southeastern United States, which amounts to well over 100,000 tonnes/annum and in 2005 was priced under 2/gal. Second most important is Chinese gum turpentine, which is produced in about half that volume. Other significant sources include gum turpentine from Russia, Brazil, Portugal, India, and Mexico, and sulfate turpentine from Canada. These last few each being of the order of 10,000 tonnes/annum. Scandanavia and Chile are now also significant suppliers of CST. 

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