Toxicological evaluations

Jokit FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Toxicological Evaluation of Certain FoodA.dditives, World Health Organization, 1988. 

An example is poly(bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane) (PCPP) which has been prepared as a copolymer with various levels of sebacic anhydride (SA). Injection molded samples of poly (anhydride) / dmg mixtures display 2ero-order kinetics in both polymer erosion and dmg release. Degradation of these polymers simply releases the dicarboxyhc acid monomers (54). Preliminary toxicological evaluations showed that the polymers and degradation products had acceptable biocompatibiUty and did not exhibit cytotoxicity or mutagenicity (55). 

Many engineers do not fully understand toxicology, and tlieir education and experiences usually do not prepare them to nuike intelligent toxicological evaluations. However, engineers can often assist in an overall health risk study with tlie identification of a chemical haaird. 

The pharmacological activities of the isomers should be compared in vitro and in vivo in both animals and humans. Separate toxicological evaluation of the enantiomers would not usually be required when the profile of the racemate was relatively benign but unexpected effects - especially if unusual or near-effective doses in animals or near planned human exposure - would warrant further studies with the individual isomers. 

Palmer JS. 1978. Toxicologic evaluation of a microencapsulated formulation of methyl parathion applied dermally to cattle. Am J Vet Res 39 429-431. 

Vettorazzi G. 1975. State of the art of the toxicological evaluation carried out by the Joint EAOAVHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues I. Organohalogenated pesticides used in public health and agriculture. Residue Rev 56 107-134. 

This biennial report is oriented strongly towards the chemical aspects It will be of special interest to workers in the fields of metabolic and toxicological evaluation of foreign compounds. This volume has a 10-year period of coverage 4SSpp 11 (X)... 

Joint FAOAVHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Toxicological Evaluation of Some Food Colours, Enzymes, Flavour Enhancers, Thickening Agents, and Certain Other Food Additives, WHO Food Series, Geneva, 6, 74, 1975. 

Colorants were the first food additives subjected to governmental regulation in the United States (US). After successive toxicological evaluations, the Food and Drug Administration established a list of permitted colorants and lakes. Only 7 synthetic pigments (and 2 others with restrictions) and 6 of their lakes are now permitted as food colorants in the US while 17 are permitted in the European Union (EU) see Table 7.3.L - ... 

Cysewski SJ, Palmer JS, Crookshank HR, et al. 1981. Toxicologic evaluation of diisopropyl methylphosphonate and dicyclopentadiene in cattle. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 10(5) 605-615. 

HartER. 1976. Mammalian toxicological evaluation of DIMP and DCPD. Final Report. Kensington, MD Litton Bionetics, Inc. NTIS No. AD-A058-323. 

Palmer JS, Cysewski SJ, Crockshank HR, et al. 1979. Toxicologic evaluation and fate of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) in cattle. College Station, TX Science and Technology Administration. NTIS No. AD-A093-673. 

Kinkead ER, Bunger SK, Wolfe RE. 1992c. Acute toxicologic evaluation of a cyclotriphosphazene hydraulic fluid. Acute Toxicity Data 1 219. 

Lu T et al. Application of cDNA microarray to the study of arsenic-induced liver diseases in the population of Guizhou, China. Toxicol Sci 2001 59 185-192. Bristol DW et al. The NIEHS Predictive Toxicology Evaluation Project. Environ Health Persp 1996 104(Suppl. 5] 1001-1010. 

To produce QSAR models, a data set containing chemicals within a specified well-defined end-point is necessary. Since our knowledge about the properties of the natural compounds that surround us is very poor, especially for allelochemicals and toxicological evaluation of synthetic pesticides is well documented (regulators oblige the chemical industry to produce experimental data for synthetic chemicals, before they can be marketed), when allelochemicals toxicity values are not available, pesticides with similar structure can be used in the analysis. Therefore suitable data sets can be defined with pesticides and their activities, to predict the toxicity (activity) of the allelochemicals. 

Davies, D.B. and B J. Holub. 1980a. Toxicological evaluation of dietary diazinon in the rat. Arch, Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9 637-650. 

The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial evaluations of these compounds revealed that the active compounds are those that correspond to structure 106, with the 3-pyridyl analogue being the most active. Unfortunately, the 30-day toxicological evaluation of this compound in mice demonstrated severe toxicity, and therefore further development of this compound was halted. Compound 103 (PNU-86093), although weaker than Dup-721, has a promising toxicological profile and is considered as a lead compound for future studies [51]. 

Ladies, G.S., et al., Developmental Toxicology Evaluations - Issues with including neurotoxicology assessments in reproductive toxicology studies, Toxicol. Sci., 88, 24, 2005. 

Henry MC, Barkley JJ, Rowlett CD. 1981. Mammalian toxicologic evaluation of hexachloroethane smoke mixture and red phosphorus. Frederick, MD U.S. Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory. Final Report. ADA 1095 83. 

Chronic exposure to GD causes forgetfulness, thinking difficulty, vision disturbances, muscular aches/pains. Although certain organophosphate pesticides have been shown to be teratogenic in animals, these effects have not been documented in carefully controlled toxicological evaluations for GD. 

Zbinden, G. and Flury-Roversi, M. (1981). Significance of the LD50 Test for the toxicological evaluation of chemical substances. Arch. Toxicol. 47 77-99. 

Food and Drug Administration (1966). Guidelines for Reproduction Studies for Safely Evaluation of Drugs for Human Use. Drug Review Branch, Division of Toxicological Evaluation, Bureau of Science, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 

Alarie, Y. (1981a). Toxicological evaluation of airborne chemical irritants and allergens using respiratory reflex reactions. In Inhalation Toxicology and Technology (Leong, B.K.J., Ed.). Ann Arbor Science, Arm Arbor, pp. 207-231. 

Prieur, D.J., Young, D.M., Davis, R.D., Cooney, D.A., Homan, E.R., Dixon, R.L. and Guarino, A.M. (1973). Procedures for preclinical toxicologic evaluation of cancer chemotherapeutic agents Protocols of the laboratory of toxicology. Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, Part 3, 4 1-30. 

The physiological consequences of the gene product should be explored in these studies, particularly with totally novel gene products. In addition, all the standard toxicological evaluations should be carried out, including examination of functional endpoints in vivo including cardiovascular and respiratory effects, and so on. 

To be effective, the toxicology evaluation must meet several criteria it must be (1) thorough, (2) clear and concise, (3) in a form appropriate to its target audience, and (4) include a conclusion or recommendation. 

The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) lays down for toxicological evaluation of food contact substances three levels of toxicological tests dependent on the amount of migration (mg/kg food simulant) Level 1 < 0.05 level 2 0.05-5 level 3 >5. 

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