Biomass conversions

Moreover, the RANEY -based catalyst was stable for more than 340 h time-on-stream. The beneficial effect of tin is likely due to the formation of a NisSn alloy. The addition of tin to nickel significantly decreased the rate of methane formation from C-O bond cleavage, while keeping high rate for C-C bond cleavage required for hydrogen formation. 

While monometallic ruthenium/carbon deactivated progressively during 300 h on stream when the reaction was performed in 2-sec-butyl-phenol solvent at 180 °C and 3.5 MPa in a flow fixed-bed reactor, bimetallic ruthenium-tin/carbon catalysts exhibited a stable activity. The optimised ruthenium/tin atomic ratio of unity led to ruthenium and RuaSng alloy species. Neither tin nor ruthenium leaching occurred. In addition, the hydrogenation of the C=0 bond of levulinic acid was 100% selective. 

Guaiacol (2-metho)typhenol), one of the compounds found in lignin processing, can be deoxygenated by a hydrodeoxygenation process. Monometallic catalysts exhibit poor activity and are prone to deactivation due to the presence of the phenolic compounds. At 400 °C and 0.1 MPa in a gas-phase flow reactor, monometallic tin and platinum/Inconel catalysts 

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The long lead times necessary to design and constmct large biomass conversion plants makes it unlikely that sufficient capacity can be placed on-line before the year 2000 to satisfy EJ blocks of energy demand. However, plant capacities can be rapidly increased if a concerted effort is made by government and private sectors. 

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

S. S. Sofer and O. R. Zaborsky, eds.. Biomass Conversion Processes for Energy andFuels, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, 420 pp. 

G. T. Tsao and co-workers, Eorre Biomass Conversion Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., 1981. 

Most important, reliable and no-regrettable measures are two move to renewable energies and energy saving/conservation. The concept of renewable energy is shown in Fig. 2. The trials of developments of new route to solar energies, for example production of polycrystalline silicon is important [9, 10]. The conversion of waste oil to fiiel has also been investigated [11]. The study on coal conversion is also developed to the biomass conversion study. 

M. O. Gessner and E. Chauvet, Ergosterol-to-biomass conversion factors for aquatic hyphomycetes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 502 (1993). 

Novel solid-state fermentation and biomass conversion... 

This review limits itself to the treatment of high-temperature thermochemical biomass conversion technologies. There are very good overviews of biological conversion technologies for hydrogen production, for example, Ni et al.13 and Zaborsky.29... 

Syngas polygeneration based on a combination of decentralized pyrolysis of biomass and central gasification of pyrolysis oil/char slurry. (Reproduced from Henrich, E., Raffelt, K., Stahl, R., and Weirich, F., Science in Thermal and Chemical Biomass Conversion, CPL Press, Victoria, 2004. With permission.)... 

Baker, E. Mudge, L. Wilcox, W. A., Catalysis of gas phase reactions in steam gasification of biomass. In Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Overend, R. P. et al., Ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1985, pp. 1194-1208. 

Mudge, L. K. Baker, E. G. Brown, M. Wilcox, W., Catalytic destruction of tars in biomass-derived gases. In Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Bridgwater, A. V. Kuester, J. L., Eds., Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1988, pp. 1141-1155. 

Boukis, N. Galla, U. Diem, V. Dinjus, E., Biomass gasification in supercritical water First results of the pilot plant, In Science in Thermal and Chemical Biomass Conversion, Bridgwater, A. V. Boocock, D. G. B., Eds., CPL Press, Victoria, 2004, pp. 975-990. 

Biollaz, S. Sturzenegger, M. Stucki, S., Redox Process for the production of clean hydrogen from biomass. In Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Seefeld, Tirol, 2000. 

Baxter, L.L., T Gale, S. Sinquefield, and G. Sclippa, 1997a. Influence of Ash Deposit Chemistry and Structure on Deposit Physical and Transport Properties. Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater and D.G.B. Boocock, eds., Blackie. Academic and Professional Press, London, pp. 1247-1262. 

Biomass conversion technologies can be divided into direct production technology routes and technologies aimed at the conversion of storable intermediates. Direct routes have the advantage of simplicity. Indirect routes have additional production steps, but have an advantage in that there can be distributed production of the intermediates, minimizing the transportation costs of the biomass. Intermediates can be... 

Chaudhari, S.T., Ferdous, D., Dalai, A.K, Bej, S.K, Thring, R.W., and Bakhshi, N.N. (2000). Pyrolysis and Steam Gasification of Westvaco Kraft Lignin for the Production of Hydrogen and Medium Btu Gas, Abstracts Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Tyrol, Austria, 17-22 September. 

Biomass combustion devices, 3 686-688 Biomass conversion, for hydrogen production, 73 784... 

One fuel alternative involves the more widespread use of biomass produced fuels. More efficient biomass conversion techniques would help make biofuels more cost-competitive. Land availability and crop selection are major issues in biomass fuel usage. Biomass alternatives can be expected to grow to a significantly larger scale for providing fuel. 

One biomass conversion plant converts wood chips into a methane... 

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