Stock resources

For abiotic stock resources, the resource value is set as equal to the production and environmental cost for a sustainable alternative. For fossil oil, gas and coal, these alternatives are rapeseed oil, biogas and charcoal, respectively. For metal (metal ores), the production and environmental costs to upgrade low-quality ores (sustainable supplies), such as silicate minerals, to a quality similar to present day ores, using a bioenergy-driven process (near-sustainable process), is used as the resource value. 

As already described, groundwater represents a stock resource for drinking water, and all the other uses which require certain minimum quality standards to be met, as well as being relevant to various non-use values. The valuation issue, however, is entirely subjective there is no right answer and therefore the scenario and valuation question, while needing to be informative, should not seek to influence how people think about the resource. Likewise, the offer to change the quantity/ quality of its availability must be both politically/institutionally neutral and credible. The handling of this dimension is described in the next section. 

They are versatile with respect to their feed stock resources. The same monomer or starting material of a polymer can be obtained from petroleum, forestry or agricultural products. 

Oil Shale Operations in Israel. Oil shale, the only fossil fuel resource in Israel, is being used to generate electric power. The oil shale feed stock, typical of the low grade IsraeH oil shale (see Table 2), is situated in a deposit overlying phosphate ore. The oil shale operations are being carried out because the oil shale has to be mined to obtain the phosphate ore. 

A positive value of any term in Eq. (9-177) implies an increase in working capital, and a negative value a decrease. For example, the sale of fixed assets such as plant, buildings, land, etc., is a source of cash, and the purchase of fixed assets uses up cash. Similarly, an increase in financial resources in the form of loans and stock and bond issues is a source of cash, and a decrease in financial resources in the form of repayment of loans, retirement of stocks and bonds, and the payment of cash dividends uses up cash. (Note that a stock dividend as opposed to a cash dividend does not use up cash.)... 

This term is most familiar to people as the return on investment, or ROI. The ROI is defined as the interest rate that would result in a return on the invested capital equivalent to the project s return. For illustration, if we had an air abatement project where heat recovery was involved, and there was an overall ROI of 30 percent, that s financially equivalent to investing resources in the right stock and having its price go up 30 percent. This is called a Primitive ROI. ... 

Economic concerns differ sharply from those of natural scientists and engineers. The most critical difference is in the outlook towards supply development. Many economists argue that market forces allow smooth adjustments to whatever happens to the physical stock of resources. Potentially, these market forces can produce resources cheaper than other methods presently employed to cause adjustments. At worst, the cost rises will be gradual and manageable. In contrast, these economists stress the harmful effects of governments on energy. 

Shows the margin of safety available to short-term creditors. Significantly higher ratios than 2 1 may indicate excess stocks, poor credit control or inadequate control of cash resources. 

Possibly the use of fatty acids as renewable resources and alternative to petrochemical feed stocks can profit from the application of Kolbe electrolysis. 

Crude oil is by far the most important resource for modern society. Approximately 450 refineries in the world convert crude oil into transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, kerosene), lubricants and feed stocks for all sorts of chemicals. Catalysts play a key role in these processes [J.A. Moulijn, M. Makkee and A. van Diepen, Chemical Process Technology (2001), Wiley, Chichester],... 

We prepared our science advisors with training on how to interact effectively with teachers and students, and we developed an Education Resource Center where they could borrow both activity plans and equipment to help their teachers do interesting hands-on science activities in their classes. This resource center was stocked both with commercial educational materials, as well as selected surplus equipment. Computers turned out to be particularly popular items—we now loan out on an annual basis about 200 computers that are outmoded for our technical purposes, but that the schools are delighted to have. At the request of teachers, our science advisors have ended up doing many of the same things as the School Partnership participants. About 50% of them do at least some activities directly with students. Others provide help in understanding science content, coordinate access to the resource center, assist with science fairs, and provide support for teachers in a variety of other ways. 

Hydro-electricity is the most developed renewable resource worldwide, even if it has to face social and environmental barriers [29]. In fact societal preferences are difficult to predict, while hydro-sites are often difficult to reach, which results in high transmission and capital investment costs. These are difficult to be accepted by private power companies. The global economic hydropower potential ranges between 7000 and 9000 TWh per year. Particularly mral communities without electricity appear to be convenient for small (<10 MWe), mini- (<1 MWe), and micro- (<100 kWe) scale hydro schemes. They have low environmental impacts, and generation costs are around 6-12 c/kWh. Emissions of GHG linked with hydro-electricity operation are due to flooding of land upstream of a dam that can imply a loss of biological carbon stocks and can produce methane emissions due to vegetation decomposition. 

Also, and this is a fairly economic discussion, one can be concerned with most valuation studies usually using income as the budget constraint. The income is a flow value while this flow is sometimes compared to stock values (i.e. natural resources). If the income were compared with the growth in stock, then this objection turns invalid. 

The resulting stock at the different locations of the supply chain is displayed in charts as in Figure 2.3. Additionally, the total stock, the different transportation costs and the costs for using the resources in Malaysia were taken into account and finally led to a recommendation for the floating stock concept together with a specific combination of decision variables. 

The demands are given as orders which are partially movable or have a fixed assignment to a resource with dearly defined setup, production and deaning times. There are also anonymous demands that were calculated from forecasts. The target inventory is a soft constraint that is used to model dynamic safety stocks. Most quants must fulfill integer batch sizes and often minimum lot sizes. 

The SNP optimizer is based on (mixed-integer) linear programming (MILP) techniques. For a general introduction into MILP we refer to [11], An SAP APO user has no access to the mathematical MILP model. Instead, the modeling is done in notions of master data of example products, recipes, resources and transportation lanes. Each master data object corresponds to a set of constraints in the mathematical model used in the optimizer. For example, the definition of a location-product in combination with the bucket definition is translated into inventory balance constraints for describing the development of the stock level over time. Additional location-product properties have further influence on the mathematical model, e.g., whether there is a maximum stock-level for a product or whether it has a finite shelf-life. For further information on the master data expressiveness of SAP SCM we refer to [9],... 

Fig. 12.6 User interface of an electronic planning board (Source OR Soft Jaenicke GmbH). The Gantt chart for the resources (white background) shows some gaps in the allocation where another process order may fit in, the histograms (black background) show the resulting stock levels for the materials involved.

The minimum bandwidth inventory boundary is set for all planning periods. Exceptionally, the minimum bandwidth inventory can be reduced down to 0 in a specific period controlled by the binary parameter <7 " , V / ,/ e I12, teT defined as minimum bandwidth inventory limit switch. The minimum bandwidth inventory includes the safety stock to ensure delivery capability, physical line fill inventory in the resources during production, as well as minimum unavoidable working level inventory occurring due to the operating mode. 

Reasonably assured resources below 80 per kg amount to 2.5 million tonnes of uranium, while RAR resources below 130 per kg amount to around 3.2 million tonnes. (This equals 1230 PJ and 1585 PJ, respectively, assuming that 1 tonne of uranium yields around 0.5 PJ (BGR, 2007).) IR below 80 per kg amount to roughly 1.1 million tonnes and below 130 per kg to approximately 1.4 million tonnes. Total RAR and IR sum up to almost 4.6 million tonnes (2280 EJ). Total undiscovered resources are estimated at 7.5 million tonnes. On top of these resources comes uranium from sources such as energy companies stocks, nuclear arms uranium, etc. 

Computers were first used in laboratories to calculate results and generate reports, often from an individual instrument. As automated analysers were developed, so the level of computerization increased and computers now play a major role in the modem laboratory. They are associated with both the analytical and organizational aspects and the term Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is often used to describe this overall function. Such systems are available that link the various operations associated with the production of a validated test result, from the receipt of the sample to the electronic transmission of the report to the initiator of the request, who may be at a site removed from the laboratory. Other uses include stock control, human resource management and budgets. 

Ammonia may be produced and lost between deposition and collection of excreta in winter housing, during its storage and following land application. The treatment of excreta from winter-housed stock as a waste disposal problem rather than a fertilizer resource results in substantial loss of N as NH3. 

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