Psychoactive

Vasoactive and Psychoactive Amines and Alkaloids Most compounds produciag hypertensive episodes are classified as amines and are found ia greatest coaceatratioa ia banana, plantain, tomato, avocado, piaeapple, broad beans, and various cheeses. Amines that are vasoactive iaclude dopamine [31-61-6], CgH N02 tyramine (11) histamine [31-43-6], tryptamine [61-34-1], C2QH22N2 noradrenaline [31-41-2], CgH NO and... 

Dronabinol. Marinol ( ii7R-/n7 j )-6i7,7,8,I0i7-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6JT-diben2o(B,D) pyran-I-ol is the principal psychoactive substance present in Cannabis sativa F., ie, marijuana. It is a controlled substance, formulated in sesame oil and encapsulated in soft gelatin capsules for oral adrninistration. 

Tricyclic Antidepressants. Imipramine [50-49-7] (32), which was the first tricycHc antidepressant to be developed, is one of many useful psychoactive compounds derived from systematic molecular modifications of the antihistamine prometha2ine [60-87-7] (see Histamine and histamine antagonists). The sulfur atom of prometha2ine was replaced with an ethylene bridge and the dimethylamino group attached to an / -propyl group, rather than to an isopropyl one, of the side chain. The actual synthesis of (32) is typical of the compounds in this class (37). 

In practice a few iodine crystals are usually placed on the bottom of a dry, closed trough chamber. After the chamber has become saturated with violet iodine vapor the solvent-free plates are placed in the chamber for 30 s to a few minutes. The iodine vapor condenses on the TLC layers and is enriched in the chromatogram zones. Iodine vapor is a universal detector, there are examples of its application for all types of substances, e.g. amino acids, indoles, alkaloids, steroids, psychoactive substances, lipids (a tabular compilation would be too voluminous to include in this section). 

Stimulation of appetite and weight gain has frequently been observed as a side effect of long-term therapy with various psychoactive drugs. Prominent examples not... 

The plant Cannabis sativa produces the psychoactive diug A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Recreationally, THC is consumed in form of marijuana (dried flowers and leaves) or hashish (resin). The cultivation and possession of Cannabis for recreational use is not... 

Endocannabinoids. Figure 1 Chemical structures of the two most studied endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, of Cannabis sativa psychoactive principle, A9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and of the CB-i receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant. 

Nicotine is the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco and is responsible for the stimulant effects and abuse/ addiction that may result form tobacco use. Cigarette smoking rapidly (in about 3 sec ) delivers pulses of nicotine into the bloodstream. Its initial effects are caused by its activation of nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors. nACh receptors are ligand-gated ion-channels and pre- and postsynaptically located. Reinforcement depends on an intact mesolimbic dopamine system (VTA). nACh receptors on VTA dopamine neurons are normally activated by cholinergic innervation from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or the pedunculopontine nucleus. 

H.17 The psychoactive drug sold as methampheramine ( speed ), CI0H,N, undergoes a series of reactions in the body the net result of these reactions is the oxidation of solid methamphetamine by oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas, liquid water, and nitrogen gas. Write the balanced equation for this net reaction. 

Hummel D, Loffler D, Fink G, Temes TA (2006) Simultaneous determination of psychoactive drugs and their metabolites in aqueous matrices by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 40 7321-7328... 

Huerta-Fontela M, Galceran MT, Martin-Alonso J, Ventura E (2008) Occurrence of psychoactive stimulatory dmgs in wastewaters in north-eastern Spain. Sci Total Environ 397(l-3) 31-40... 

Outpatient drug-free programs, like therapeutic communities, seek to achieve abstinence without the use of psychoactive medication. Programs range from unstructured drop-in centers with discussion groups and recreational activities to organi2ed day treatment programs. 

Wesson DR, Ling W The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). J Psychoactive Drugs 35 253-259, 2003... 

Apsler R, Rothman E Correlates of compliance with psychoactive prescriptions. J Psychoactive Drugs 16 193—199, 1984... 

Gottschalk LA, Bates DE, Fox RA, et al Psychoactive drug use patterns found in samples from a mental health clinic and a general medical clinic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 25 395-397, 1971... 

Silberstein SD, McCrory DC Butalbital in the treatment of headache history, pharmacology, and efficacy. Headache 41 953-967, 2001 Smith DE, Wesson DR Benzodiazepine dependency syndromes. J Psychoactive Drugs 15 85-95, 1983... 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration The BASIS Report Marijuana Use Secondary to Other Substances of Abuse. Rockville, MB, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2003 Tanda G, Munzar P, Goldberg SR Self-administration behaviour is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys. Nat Neurosci 3 1073— 1074, 2000... 

The mode of action of the amphetamine derivatives MDA and MDMA seems to be dissimilar, with MDMA possessing mescaline-like psychoactive properties. MDMA demonstrates greater serotonergic effects than does the more amphetamine-like MDA. 

Mescaline is considerably less potent than LSD equipotent amounts are 5 mg and 1 pg, respectively. Peyote is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Mescaline is mainly concentrated in the liver, spleen, and kidney. Up to 60% is excreted unchanged in the urine mescaline metabolites are devoid of any psychoactive effect. 

Boyer EW, Quang L, Woolf A, et al Use of physostigmine in the management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose (letter). Ann Emerg Med 38 346, 2001 Buffiim J, Moser C MDMA and human sexual dysfunction. J Psychoactive Drugs 18 355-359, 1986... 

McDaniel CH, Miotto KA Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma butyrolac-tone (GBL) withdrawal five case studies. J Psychoactive Drugs 33 143—149,2001... 

Efforts to identify the specific compounds responsible for the psychotropic effects of volatile solvents are complicated by the fact that many of these products contain more than one potentially psychoactive ingredient. Another factor obscuring the identity of the psychoactive ingredients of these agents is that patients addicted to these compounds frequendy seek the effects not of the product s primary ingredient but of a secondary ingredient such as the propellant gas (e.g., nitrous oxide). To date, the best-studied psychoactive compounds identified in volatile solvents include toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene. However, other less well studied compounds, such as benzene, acetone, and methanol, also appear to have significant psychoactive effects. 

Inhalant intoxication dehrium can occur as a consequence of disturbances in dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neu to transmission secondary to acute, high-level exposure to psychoactive ingredients in solvents such as toluene, trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene. Systemic effects of solvent inhalation such as cerebral hypoxia and/or metabolic acidosis may also be involved (Rosenberg 1982). Under these circumstances, inhalant intoxication dehrium develops over a short period of time (usually hours to days) and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day. Usually, the delirium resolves as the intoxication ends or within a few hours after cessation of use. 

This next example involves the well-known plant kawa. A psychoactive beverage made from the roots of this plant is used widely in the islands of the southwestern Pacific Ocean either for ritualistic or routine consumption. Kava is the common name for Piper methysticum Forst. f. from which several compounds responsible for the pharmacological activity have been isolated and identified. Representative structures of the family of styrylpyrones, commonly called kavalactones, are given in Fig. 6.6. The compounds are based upon a carbon skeleton consisting of a styryl function (C C ) attached to a six-membered lactone ring. The fundamental compound, kawain, is shown as structure [547]. Structural variants include... 

Doble, A and Martin, IL (1996) The GABAjijBenzodiazepine Receptor as a Target for Psychoactive Drugs, RG Landes Co., Austin, TX. 

A9-THC (2.1 in Fig. 2) is the only major psychoactive constituent of C. sativa. It is a pale yellow resinous oil and is sticky at room temperature. A9-THC is hpophihc and poorly soluble in water (3 p,g mL ), with a bitter taste but without smell. Furthermore it is sensitive to light and air [4]. Some more physical and chemical data on A9-THC are fisted in Table 1. Because of its two chiral centers at C-6a and C-lOa, four stereoisomers are known, but only (-)-trans-A9-THC is foimd in the Cannabis plant [5]. The absolute configuration of the... 

The last enzymatic step of the cannabinoid pathway is the production of THCA (3.5), CBDA (3.4) or CBGA (3.6). The compounds are produced by three different enzymes. The first enzyme produces the major psychoactive compound of cannabis, THCA [21,38] the second and third are responsible for the production of CBDA [39] and CBGA [40], respectively. All of these enzymes belong to the enzyme group oxidoreductases [38-41], which means that they are able to use an electron donor for the transfer of an electron to an acceptor. From these enzymes only the THCA and the CBDA synthase gene sequence have been elucidated. Their product also represents the highest constituent in most C. sativa strains. 

Szirmai M (1995) Total synthesis and analysis of major human urinary metabolites of dl-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa L. Dissertation, Uppsala University, Sweden... 

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