Protein concentrates toxic

In general, nonconventional protein foods must be competitive with conventional plant and animal protein sources on the bases of cost delivered to the consumer, nutritional value to humans or animals, functional value in foods, sensory quality, and social and cultural acceptability. Also, requirements of regulatory agencies in different countries for freedom from toxins or toxic residues in single-cell protein products, toxic glycosides in leaf protein products, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and toxins in fish protein concentrates, or inhibitory or toxic peptide components in synthetic peptides must be met before new nonconventional food or feed protein products can be marketed. 

In rats, the administration of fullerene by inhalation, as nano- and microparticles generated by aerosol, does not lead to lesions and only a little increase of protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained (Baker et al., 2007). Recently, Sayes et al. (2007) analyzed in vivo pulmonary toxicity of C60 and C60(OH)24, after intratracheal instillation in rats. They verified only transient inflammatory and cell injury effects, 1 day postexposure, without differences from water-instilled controls. No adverse lung tissue effects were measured, and the results demonstrated little or no differences in lung toxicity effects between the C60 and fiillerols, compared to controls. 

Jackson TF, Halbert FL. 1974. A toxic syndrome associated with the feeding of polybrominated biphenyl-contaminated protein concentrate to dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 165 437-439. 

It is possible to predict what happens to Vd when fu or fur changes as a result of physiological or disease processes in the body that change plasma and/or tissue protein concentrations. For example, Vd can increase with increased unbound toxicant in plasma or with a decrease in unbound toxicant tissue concentrations. The preceding equation explains why because of both plasma and tissue binding, some Vd values rarely correspond to a real volume such as plasma volume, extracellular space, or total body water. Finally interspecies differences in Vd values can be due to differences in body composition of body fat and protein, organ size, and blood flow as alluded to earlier in this section. The reader should also be aware that in addition to Vd, there are volumes of distribution that can be obtained from pharmacokinetic analysis of a given data set. These include the volume of distribution at steady state (Vd]SS), volume of the central compartment (Vc), and the volume of distribution that is operative over the elimination phase (Vd ea). The reader is advised to consult other relevant texts for a more detailed description of these parameters and when it is appropriate to use these parameters. 

The binding sites of the protein are not unlimited and are subject to saturation. When this occurs, toxicity may develop following further drug administration, because the later portion of the drug remains free. Consistent with this view is the observation that toxic manifestations of drugs are quite frequent and considerably higher in individuals suffering from hypoalbuminemia, or altered plasma and tissue protein concentrations, or both. 

The Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration on Dietary DMH Toxicity in Mice... 

Severely alkali-treated herring meals did not support normal growth in chicks in fact some toxic effects were observed (13). Dispersing soybean protein concentrates with sodium hydroxide resulted in decreased growth in lambs (13). 

Valproate Phenytoin Total serum phenytoin concentration underestimates the unbound phenytoin concentration toxicity can occur in some patients Displacement of phenytoin from plasma proteins, sometimes associated with inhibition of phenytoin metabolism... 

Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins protective antigen (PA 83kDa), lethal factor (LF 90kDa), and edema factor (EF 89kDa). Individually, none of the three proteins are toxic but interact synergistically with at least one of the others. PA and LF (called LeTx) can cause lethal shock in experimental animals, and a mixture of PA and EF (edema toxin, EdTx) induces edema at the site of injection. Since two discrete units of the toxin are required for its action, the term binary toxin has been used to this and other bacterial toxins. Anthrax is unique from other binary toxins in that the binary moieties (EF and LF) interact only after being secreted from the bacteria. Further, EF and LF enter the cell via a single PA protein. Assembly of the three toxin proteins is initiated when PA binds to a proteinaceous cellular receptor and is activated by a member of the furin family of cellular proteases. The exact mechanisms of internalization of the toxin moieties are subject of scientific enquiry. Inside the cellular cytoplasm, EF (a calcium and calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase) causes a dramatic increase in intracellular cAMP concentrations and LF acts proteolytically to cleave certain MAPK kinases. 

Tire Anderson and Molhave (1983) study identified an apparent effect level (0.2 ppm), based on subjective reports of irritation that is lower than the effect levels (0.35-0.4 ppm) in the studies by Pazdrak et al. (1993), Krakowiak et al. (1998), and Bender et al. (1993), which used more objective measures of acute irritation (eosinophil counts and protein concentrations in nasal lavage fluid or time to first reporting of irritation see section 2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects - Respiratory Effects Acute Controlled Exposure Human Studies.) Because of the use of objective measures of toxicity and the general weight of the available data indicating that some people will not experience eye or upper respiratoiy tract irritation from formaldehyde even at 1 ppm (see Day et al. 1984 Kulle et al. 1987, Weber Tschopp et al. 1977, and Witek et al. 1986), the Pazdrak et al. (1993) LOAEL of 0.4 ppm was considered a minimal LOAEL in a group of potentially sensitive individuals (some subjects had dennal hypersensitivity to fonnaldehyde) and selected as the basis of the acute MRL. 

Stable protein Intracellular protein Non-toxic protein Known infection kinetics/cell growth rate Only low-titer/limited virus stocks available Bioreactor operation at high infection cell densities at or beyond 1-2x10 cells mL (fed-batch processes) Unstable protein Secreted protein Toxic/growth-retarding protein Unknown infection kinetics/cell growth rate Concentrated virus stocks available Bioreactor operation at medium to low cell densities (batch processes)... 

E. coli cells was found to be near the level of detection of an antibody that was used to visualize it, which is not uncommon for genes that encode proteins that perform rare forms of posttranslational modification. " Moreover, over-expression of the lipB gene in E. coli was found to significantly decrease the growth rate of the bacterium, suggesting that high concentrations of the protein are toxic to the organism. ... 

Sn(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, which has been approved for surgical and pharmacological applications by the FDA, is generally employed as the catalyst for the synthesis of biomedical polymers. However, it has been reported that Sn(II) 2-ethylhexanoate cannot be removed by a purification process such as the dissolution/precipitation method, thus the residual Sn may be concentrated within matrix remnants after hydrolytic degradation (2). To avoid the potential harmful effects of metallic residues in biomedical polymer materials, enzymatic polymerization is one of the powerful candidates for polymer synthesis (3). Enzymes, natural kinds of protein without toxicity, have remarkable properties... 

The cake remaining after mashing, crushing, or solvent extraction of the oil is known variously as castor pomace, castor flake, castor meal, or poonac. It contains ricin, a highly toxic protein ricinine, a toxic alkaloid and CB-IA, an extremely potent allergen. The cake with its high potassium, fibre, and protein concentration is used as a fertilizer and as animal feed after detoxification. 

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