Subjective report

Do subject reported subcontractor nonconformities to equal treatment. 

Detoxification is more successful when the patient is transitioned from a stable methadone dose with the support of ongoing therapy than when the patient comes directly from the street for detoxification from heroin. Some practitioners believe that detoxification with clonidine can be more rapid than with methadone, at least on an outpatient basis. One important hmitation of clonidine is that, although it suppresses autonomic signs of withdrawal, subject-reported symptoms, such as lethargy, restlessness, insomnia, and craving, are not well relieved (Charney et al. 1981 Jasinski et al. 1985). Anxiety may... 

In humans, a comparative examination of the positive reinforcing effects of solvents showed that among inhalant-dependent subjects, solvents induced a more intense sensation of pleasant feelings than that induced by alcohol and nicotine in subjects addicted to these substances (Kono et al. 2001). Solvent-dependent subjects reported pleasant feelings comparable to those reported by stimulant-dependent subjects after use of methamphetamine. However,... 

Effects noted in study and corresponding doses Mild subjective neurological effects (eye and throat irritation, headache, fatigue, drowsiness) were reported at 200 ppm (LOAEL). No objective effects, as measured by dexterity and coordination tests, were seen. However, 50% of the subjects reported that the neurobehavioral tests required greater mental effort for them to perform. 

Since simultaneous health effect surveys were conducted in the Love Canal area, environmental test results In the homes adjoining the Canal were examined in an effort to demonstrate the presence or absence of correlations between environmental chemical levels and frequencies of particular health abnormalities. This effort was largely unsuccessful, since the total exposed population proved to be too small for meaningful interpretation of most health endpoints of Interest and since difficulties in controlling for subjective reporting of health symptoms made it difficult to Interpret health survey results O, ). 

Greer, G., and Tolbert, R. Subjective reports of the effects of MDMA in a clinical setting. J Psychoactive Drugs 18 319-327, 1986. 

External conditions can also cause a decrease in arousal that may also affect cognitive/psychomotor performance. An interesting stimulation study conducted by Suedfield and Eich136 showed how arousal can be reduced. They used Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique (REST), in which a subject floats in a dense solution of skin temperature water and Epsom salts. This technique was shown to decrease subjective reports of arousal. Similar reports come from studies of meditation137-138 and systematic relaxation.139... 

Rush, C., Sullivan, J. and Griffiths, R., Intravenous caffeine in stimulant drug abusers Subjective reports and physiological effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 273(1), 351-358, 1995. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Studies regarding cancer in humans or animals after inhalation exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids were limited to a single case-control study that examined associations between subjectively reported occupational exposure to petroleum-derived liquids and cancer at particular sites among 3,726 male cancer patients (Siemiatycki et al. 1987a). The study found no convincing associations between occupational exposure to hydraulic fluids and cancer at any site. This study is discussed in more detail in Section 2.2.3.8, because, while inhalation exposure was probable for the subject occupations, the authors reported that the exposure route was more often dermal contact. 

When the placebo cream had not been applied, the researchers found activation in areas of the brain that they identified as the pain matrix . But when the same pain stimuli were administered with the placebo cream, activation in these pain-responsive regions of the brain was reduced, and the more pain relief the subjects reported, the greater the reduction of activation in the pain matrix. This told Wager that people actually do experience less pain when given placebo analgesics, and this change in experience is accompanied by changes in brain activity. 

The safety of the cocaine vaccine TC-CD in former cocaine abusers has been evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial, and it was determined that the vaccine was well tolerated with dose-related increases in antibody levels.65 Two Phase II clinical trials have now been conducted.66,67 The vaccine was again well tolerated and subjects reported a reduction in cocaine s reinforcing effects. The antibody levels were detectable after the second dose, peaked at 8 to 12 weeks, and remained elevated for up to 6 months preliminary findings indicated a negative association between antibody level and cocaine use. Other anti-cocaine vaccines in development include a blocking antibody (ITAC-cocaine) and a monoclonal catalytic antibody (15A10). 

The reduction of nausea in patients taking anti-cancer drug therapy is probably the most widely researched area for cannabis therapy. A number of these studies have shown that oral administration of isolated cannabinoids produce significant improvements, particularly for those patients who have failed to respond to standard antinausea treatments during chemotherapy (see Tortorice and O Connell, 1990 for a comprehensive review). Patients and oncologists have subjectively reported that smoked marijuana is as safe (in this patient group) and effective as isolated oral cannabinoids, but more systematic research trials are required. 

Three characteristic types of symptoms—somatic, perceptual, and psychic— have followed use of members of the LSD group of hallucinogens. In repeated laboratory experiments, subjects report a basic clinical syndrome that might be described as follows ... 

Body Weight Effects. A man chronically exposed to phenol at a laboratory where he distilled it several times a day was 71.5 inches tall, weighed 135 pounds, and was described as emaciated (Merliss 1972). Loss of appetite and a slow weight loss were symptoms that the subject reported during the 13. 5 years he worked at the laboratory. During the distillation process, heavy odors were detectable, phenol was often spilled on his clothes, and he noted skin irritation. 

Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML, Yingling JE. (1989). Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol content on marijuana smoking behavior, subjective reports, and performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 34(1) 173-79. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Johnson, MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, Rice KC. (1991). Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in the rat brain a quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study. J Neurosci. 11 563-83. 

Peters BA, Lewis EG, Dustman RE, Straight RC, Beck EC. (1976). Sensory, perceptual, motor, and cognitive functioning and subjective reports following oral administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacologia. 47(2) 141-48. 

From a potency standpoint, the results were less than exciting. At low doses, performance scores did decline slightly and some subjects reported mild symptoms suggestive of marijuana effects. However, a substantial alteration in both cognitive performance and mood occurred only in one of the two individuals who received the highest dose (60 mcg/kg). This volunteer clearly showed a drop in performance scores, and developed clear-cut signs and symptoms of a marijuana high. 

Subjective Reports Versus Physiological Measures in Human Subjects.280... 

Evaluation of data on subjective reports on reasons for smoking indicates that women smoke for stress reduction and men for stimulation (Best and Hakstian 1978 Frith 1971 Spielberger 1986 Ikard and Tomkins 1973), implying that there may be gender differences regarding the motivation for smoking. However, the validity of self-reports is questionable and empirical evidence based on physiological measures does not support these observations. 

These findings reflect autonomically controlled measures that are unavailable to consciousness and appear to be the reverse of several subjective reports. In contrast to some, but not all, subjective reports, nicotine appears to produce arousal in women and relaxation in men. 

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