Pharmacological applications

Wu L, Wang R (2005) Carbon monoxide endogenous production, physiological functions, and pharmacological applications. Pharmacol Rev 57 585-630... 

In this rapidly evolving field, the detection of PDE enzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) has stimulated interest in exploring potential applications of PDE inhibitors for treating CNS disorders such as Alzheimer s disease and other cognitive malfunctions, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. This review will focus on these therapeutic opportunities as well as new developments in the medicinal chemistry and biology associated with selected members of the PDE family, in particular PDEs 2, 4, 9, and 10. There have been a number of other reviews in this field in the past year that have covered selected individual PDE enzymes and potential pharmacologic applications of PDE inhibitors in CNS disorders [3,7,8]. 

Due to the important pharmacological applications of this system, in particular the antidepressant trazodone, numerous articles deal with either its synthesis, or its incorporation into more complex substances, as a pharmacophore (see Section 11.13.12). Synthetic methods have been reviewed <1996CHEC-II(8)367>, and most of them are still in use or have been modified. Recent literature essentially focuses on the formation of the triazole ring. 

Pharmacological Applications of Biocompatible Carbon Nanotubes and Their Emerging Toxicology Issues ... 

CNTs are of importance as useful bio-nanomaterials for pharmaceutical applications and biomedical engineering. However, despite the contribution of CNTs to bio-nanomaterials for pharmaceutical applications, the potential risks of CNTs about the exposure to human health have not been adequately assessed. Toxicology issues associated with CNT inhalation, dermal toxicity, pulmonary, biodistribution, biocompatibility, blood compatibility, and elimination need to be addressed prior to their pharmacological application in humans. 

Burchiel SW, Edwards BS, Kuckuck FW, Lauer FT, Prossnitz ER, et al. 2000. Analysis of free intracellular calcium by flow cytometry Multiparameter and pharmacologic applications. Methods 21 221-230. 

Suh, Y.-H., Checler, F. (2002) Amyloid precursor protein, presenUins, and a-synuclein Molecular pathogenesis and pharmacological applications in Alzheimer s disease. Pharmacol. Rev., 54, 469-525. 

Drugs that mimic or block the effects of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones have pharmacologic applications in three primary areas (1) as replacement therapy for hormone deficiency states (2) as antagonists for diseases that result from excess production of pituitary hormones and (3) as diagnostic tools for identifying several endocrine abnormalities. 

In this paragraph, a synthetic survey of the most significant biological and pharmacological applications of (3-lactam derivatives is reported. A more detailed survey of the current literature in this field is given in Sect. 4.3... 

The most significant biological and pharmacological applications of the 2-azetidi-nones are reported in this paragraph, highlighting the SAR studies applied for the design of new and more efficient molecules. 

We believe that this chapter can become an essential part of the knowledge of organic chemists who can plan the synthesis of novel substituted 2-azetidinones. Moreover, medicinal chemists can have an overview, covering the latest developments in the biological and pharmacological applications of these 2-azetidinone compounds, thereby giving focus to their future investigations. 

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