Protective means

It is important to ensure that the resistance of the earth return path, comprising the protective conductor and coimection with earth, is as low as possible. This is to ensure that, in the event of an earth fault, there will be sufficient current to blow the fuse or operate any other form of device protecting fhe circuit in question. The lEE Wiring Regulations (BS7671) specify maximum permitted discoimection times for different types of insfallation. There is also a BS Code of Practice on the subject of earthing.  

When work is to be carried out on a part of a circuit or piece of electrical equipment, certain precautions need to be taken to protect the worker concerned from electrical danger. The electricity supply should first of all 

In some circumstances further precautions will need to be taken, such as earthing, to coxmter the effects of any stored or induced electrical charge. A permit to work system (PTW), explained in more detail in section 4.4.10, may also be used. Although EAW regulation 14 permits live working this must first be properly justified and then suitable precautions must be taken to prevent injury (an absolute duty ). Thus dead working is the norm and the preferred choice. 

The HSE have published a number of guidance documents concerning those work activities where previous accident history has shown a need for more understanding to ensure electrical safety .  

A fuse is essentially a thin wire, placed in a circuit, of such size as would melt at a predetermined value of current flow and therefore cut off the current to that circuit. Obviously a properly rated fuse is a most useful precaution because, in the event of abnormal conditions such as a fault, when 

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The appropriate protective means can he flame arresters or any of the other protective measured discussed in Chapter 3. 

An essential role is given to provision with medical protection means (individual degassing packs, antidotes, gas-masks, skin remedies) for all exposed people, since their shortage often results in troubles, panic, affective manifestations, etc. 

Voicu V., Mircioiu C. Antidotes - Individual protection means drugs and special means. Proceedings of CB Medical Treatment Symposium Industry I, 315-326, 1998, Dubrovnik, Croatia ... 

Individual protection means and decontamination products in reserve - replacement of both isolating and filtrating protective clothing, canister filters and SCBA cylinders... 

Information provided to the rescue units is required to prepare proper equipment - individual protection means needed (NIOSH Certified Equipment List database or manufacturer s instructions should be observed), antidotes and pretreatment, stretchers, individual protection means for injured and casualties, personal decontamination kits, etc. 

No one enters the contaminated area without proper individual protection means... 

Decontamination of the rescuers is accomplished according to the type of individual protection means and commonly includes procedures ... 

Obligations of the countries ensuing from the convention for the prohibition of chemical weapons do not reduce the actuality of the protection. Terrorist acts during last decades with use of chemical and biological weapons enforce not only elaboration of new more efficient protection means, but permanent development and improvement of methods and means for consequence management. 

On the other hand, we have ISO 15508 (Common Criteria, focusing on component evaluation) and ISO 17799 (system guidelines on security, holistic, not only IT), for Security. They have even another language than the safety community, and another view what levels of protection mean (EALs vs. SILs). From the dependability point of view, requirements could be derived for security features and profiles depending on the SILs required for safety. Allocations could be done not only between HW, SW and components on functional level with respect to safety but with respect to security also. But interaction and discussion would be necessary (Note The aspects of multilateral security could be correlated to SILs according to... 

One of the common limitations of catalytic-combustion-type analyzers is the poisoning of the filament by silicon, sulfur, chlorinated compounds, or lead compounds. A variety of filament protection means have been added to increase the poison resistance of the sensors. Life expectancies are usually defined in terms of exposure concentration hours. One high-concentration exposure of a poison has been known to knock out a sensor therefore, nonpoisoning techniques should be considered when poisoning is an issue. 

Corrosion and its control mean the corrosion process and the measures taken to control or keep in check the corrosion process. Sometimes it is also referred to as corrosion, prevention and protection. Although the terms prevention and protection appear to be synonymous, prevention means measures taken to control corrosion to a limited extent while protection means extensive or more comprehensive measures taken to control the corrosion process. In more general terms preventive measures are knowledge-based while protection involves both known and unknown factors, such as natural disasters. 

By the end of the WWI, some 124,200 tons of chemical warfare agents (chlorine, phosgene, mustard, etc.) had been released, causing at least 1.3 million casualties of which more than 90,000 were fatal. The threat of the use of CWAs led to the development of protective means not only for humans, but also for horses and dogs. The effectivity of CWs in comparison with classic munition was evident 1 ton of classic explosives caused 4.9 casualties 1 ton of chemical munition caused 11.5 casualties and 1 ton of yperite caused 36.4 casualties (Bajgar, 2006). 

Radiation protection means (gloves, protective clothes, individual dose rate meters, etc.). ... 

Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres [1, 2, 3] are used as comparative tests for the evaluation of corrosivity of metals and metal alloys and corrosion protection capability of various corrosion protection means by metal plating, varnishing and paint coating as well as anodic and conversion coating. Therefore, it is essential to know precisely the corrosivity of the test cabinet environment. 

Pulmonary - protective means. They include aerosol and parenteral forms of the different medications (glucocorticoids, Novphyllin, Acetylcistein, etc.) which help overcome the bronchi-alveolli-capilliary block, described above, and bring to effectiveness the respiratory reanimation diuretics, which help the toxic oedema etc. - in the three stages of the assistance. 

Antibiotics and immune protective means against the inflammatory processes in the lungs - in the stationary. 

Organ protective means pulmonary, cerebral and hepatoprotective drug combinations according to manifested indications. 

Good protection means the incorporation of a foil ply, but such packs are usually greater in cost than either a blister or blister with an overwrap. This is due to the cost of the material, the greater area involved and the likely lower production rate. 

The above analysis of coating deposition methods visualizes that Cl impregnated in coating compositions requires specific technological operations. These technologies, equipment and methodology have rightfully occupied a place in rust protection means of metal ware. 

The effectiveness of plastic protection means containing volatile Cl depends much on the liberation kinetics of Cl from the polymer matrix. We have already analyzed (see Sect. 1.5) the problem of binding inhibitors within the plastic structure. The delivery velocity of the required amount of Cl to the metal part surface turned out to be a reliable criterion for estimating the efficiency of inhibited plastics. Some plastic grades do not need to take account of the Cl delivery factor if the inhibiting component is located in the most probable place of corrosion. 

The models consider such parameters as the cost of scheduled protective means, predictions for raw materials and production facilities, initial expenses, efficiency of planned measures, ecological safety, and so on. On this base, the most effective terms of use of these means and their functioning time are defined (up to liquidation) with and without the various protective means. 

It is sometimes sufficient to compare the basic and developed variants of protection. The basic variant commonly represents the protective means to be substituted or those to be purchased in the required amounts. In the former USSR, additional capital investments were considered to be efficient if T < Tn = 6.6 years, E > E = 0.15, where r is the standard reimbursement term, and E is the standard coefficient of comparative efficiency of capital investments. 

When comparing the variants, some particular technical and economic parameters are used that reflect the magnitude of separate expenses, including material capacity, labor intensiveness and capital investments of the protective means and the products produced. A systematic approach to the choice of variants before computations of their efficiency is required for the determination of data for calculations that is statistically reliable. 

The attendants employed in the preservation and packaging into PIF must have individual protection means, such as cotton overalls and rubber gloves. In emergency situations, respirators and gas masks should be used. Analogous measures are to be observed during depreservation processes. 

Production-Integrated Environmental Protection. According to the definition of the VCI, integrated environmental protection is production-linked, and that definition is used in this article. Thus, production-integrated environmental protection means measures taken to reduce, prevent, and utilize residues [31], [35]-[38]. 

Respiratory protection means breathing apparatus respirators ... 

Explosion protection means initially all precautions which are intended to ensure that an explosion is prevented, in a broader sense also those which shall mitigate its impact. These measures are usually divided into the following three classes ... 

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