Analyzer types

The paper presents the experience of development of the tool box of the analyzed type, which was called by authors X-Energo. 

These four very different NIR technologies represent the mainstream analyzer types used in many process analytical technology applications. They also cover the main types of established commercially available analyzers. Given their various characteristics and the physical principles upon which they are based, it is obvious that they will have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the detailed circumstances of the application. These issues will be covered in more detail below. 

TG) were carried out with a DuPont Thermal Analyzer, Type 990, with a 10 mg sample in air. The sample weight was recorded against temperature in a range of 20-600°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min. 

Electron ionization sources produce constant ion beams of about 10 8 A with low initial energy spread. The ion current measured depends strongly on the ionization degree of the gas analyzed (type of atoms and molecules). Positive ions and electrons are formed by the interaction of electrons of sufficient energy with gas atoms or molecules. The ion current /+ is proportional to the pressure (p) of the gaseous sample, to the electron current /e, the length (/) of the collision chamber and the differential ionization (s) of elements as a function of the ionization energy ... 

Hybrid Mass Spectrometer A tandem mass spectrometer comprised of multiple mass analyzers of different types. A Q-TOF is a hybrid, but a triple quadmpole is not. Ideally, a hybrid instrument harnesses the best features of each mass analyzer type to produce a system perhaps greater than the sum of the parts. 

Analyzer types Quadrupole, sector(s), time-of-flight... 

The carbon dioxide (COz) analyzer types include (1) nondispersive infrared (NDIR), (2) gas filter correlation (GFC), and (3) Orsat, having measurement accuracies from 0.2 ppm to 1-2% FS for NDIR and 1-2% FS for gas filter cor-... 

These devices are low in cost and simple to use. At present, technical limitations make them unsuitable for accurate quantitative applications. Hence, they are primarily intended for personal home or automobile use. Two of the analyzer types are pictured here. 

Figure 36. Schematic representation of the Zeiss particle size analyzer type TGZ 3...

ESI and MALDI sources have been coupled to many different mass analyzer types. Of these mass analyzers, five will be discussed next and are shown in Figure 4.5. To achieve the highest performance from these analyzers, an experienced operator will tune the mass spectrometer to improve the resolution, sensitivity, and signal-to-noise SIN) level. Tuning is essential to achieve optimum performance, but it differs for each mass spectrometer and will not be covered in this chapter. 

K. Inoue, T. Kanaya, Y. Kiyanagi, K. Shibata, K. Kaji, S. Ikeda, H. Iwasa Y. Izumi (1993). Nucl. Insts. Meth. A (Phys. Res.), 327, 433—440. A crystal analyzer type inelastic spectrometer using the pulsed thermal neutron source. http //nfdfn.jinr.ru/userguide-97/kdsog.html... 

Applications of the mass analyzer types for discovery and development stage metabolite detection, characterization, and identification along with each analyzer type s limitations and advantages are discussed in the following section. 

Commercial LITs were introduced in 2002 as either a stand-alone mass spectrometer (LTQ) [318] or as part of a triple quadrupole (Q-Trap) [319] or in 2005 as part of hybrid tandem mass spectrometers (LTQ-Orbitrap and LTQ-FTICR) [88,90], Application of LTQ-FTICR for metabolism studies has been reviewed by Shipkova et al. [90], In comparison to other mass analyzer types, FTICR-based mass spectrometers are not very popular for metabolite identification studies due to availability of less expensive and more user-friendly LTQ-Orbitrap and Q-TOF-based systems. Another limitation associated with the FTICR-based hybrid mass spectrometers is the TOF effect, which results in efficient trapping of only the high-mass ions [90],... 

Instrumentation. The flow system employed in this work is shown in Fig. 1. A peristaltic pump was used to deliver all flow streams at a flow rate of 3.0 mL/min (per tube). 120 p.L of mixture solution of sample and luminol was injected by a sixway injection valve into the carrier stream. The CL signal produced in the flow cell was detected and recorded with a computerized ultraweak luminescence analyzer (type BPCL, manufactured at the Institute of Biophysics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China). The concentration of sample was quantified by the peak height of the CL intensity. 

All experiments result in a spectriun which represents the energy distribution of photo electrons convoluted with instrumental functions from the analyzer and the detector system. These functions are fundamentally different for the two common analyzer types these are the cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) and the hemispherical analyzer (HSA). A description of the function of both devices can be found in the literature [2]. In commercial analytical instnunents, the HSA is more common than the CM A and all further discussion is limited to this device. 

Hybrid tandem mass spectrometers are constructed by coupling two different types of mass analyzers with the objective to accrue the benefits of the best performance features of each analyzer type. This arrangement enhances the capability... 

Photosynthesis under natural conditions was measured with ADC portable Infra-Red Gas Analyzer Type LCA. 

Section 6.2.1) Attempts to compare different analyzer types with respect to some key figures of merit are made in Table 6.1, but it should be borne in mind that such attempts at a succinct comparison are both somewhat subjective and also are likely to become outdated in view of the rapid pace of instrumental development. 

The RP for other analyzer types that do not provide approximately constant peak widths across the mJz range is conventionally defined by Equation [6.1] ... 

Droplet size and droplet size distribution were obtained with a Flow Particle Image Analyzer type FPIA-3000 (Sysmex/Malvem, UK) with a lens of 20-times magnification. The investigated size range covered 0.5 to 200 p,m. 

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