Comparability testing

Regardless of whether the fabric stmcture is woven or knitted, accurate characterization of constmction parameters is necessary to evaluate test results for other properties and to explain differences noted when comparing test data from fabrics of different constmctions. 

UNIFAC was developed for situations where experimental data are scarce, and its appHcation should generally be that of last resort (3,7,162,178). That is, UNIFAC is not a method for comparative testing of methods based on experimental data even though the method is sometimes Hsted in commercial computer simulator menus without indication of its limitations. 

Internal stresses occur because when the melt is sheared as it enters the mould cavity the molecules tend to be distorted from the favoured coiled state. If such molecules are allowed to freeze before they can re-coil ( relax ) then they will set up a stress in the mass of the polymer as they attempt to regain the coiled form. Stressed mouldings will be more brittle than unstressed mouldings and are liable to crack and craze, particularly in media such as white spirit. They also show a characteristic pattern when viewed through crossed Polaroids. It is because compression mouldings exhibit less frozen-in stresses that they are preferred for comparative testing. 

In this stage of the investigation, poly(methyl methacrylates) (PMMAs) were selected as the polymeric probes of intermediate polarity. Polymers of medium broad molar mass distribution and of low tacticity (14) were a gift of Dr. W. Wunderlich of Rohm Co., Darmstadt, Germany. Their molar masses ranged from 1.6 X 10" to 6.13 X 10 g-mol. For some comparative tests, narrow polystyrene standards from Pressure Co. (Pittsburgh, PA) were used. 

Comparative tests between HSI and HSCI in seawater at 93° C and 10-8Am showed consumption rates of 8-4kg A y and 0-43 kg A y , respectively . These figures show that the consumption rate of HSI when used in seawater without the addition of chromium may approach that of steel, but because of the very deep pitting and its fragility, it is in most cases inferior to steel. However, in fresh waters HSI has a far lower corrosion rate than steel. The consumption rate of HSCI freely suspended in seawater in the current density range 10-8 to 53-8 Am increases from 0-33 kg A y at 10-8Am to 0-48 kg A" y at 53-8Am Direct burial in seawater silt or mud will also increase the consumption rate, with values of 0-7kg A y at 8-5 Am increasing to 0-94 kg A " y at 23-4 Am . 

The composition of the basis metal has been found to influence the performance of organic finishes in many cases. Thus, composition is a significant test variable and must be considered in comparing test data. 

Procedure for conditioning test specimens can call for the following periods in a standard laboratory atmosphere [50 2% relative humidity, 73.4 1.8°F (23 1°C) Adequate air circulation around all specimens must be provided. The reason for this test is due to the fact the temperature and moisture content of plastics affects different properties such as the physical and electrical properties. In order to get comparable test results at different times and in different laboratories a standard has been established. 

Comparative tests performed on a Ro-Tap unit, a vibrating unit (Sonic Sifter — Allen-Bradley), and the Alpine Air Jet Sieve are shown in Figs 6 and 7. Fig 6 is a powdered cement Fig 7 is cadmium stearate, a waxlike material which clogs easily. These separations were all made on a 42 micron mesh sieve. These tests showed that the Alpine Jet Sieve effected good separations in a matter of minutes compared with the much longer times required for the other systems... 

Examination of British Plastic Explosive, PE-3 A , PATR 2095 (1955) (Conf) 3) J. Cogan, Comparative Testing of United Kingdom Explosive PE4 and Composition C-4 , TechRept 1850-TR, Engineer Res Dev Labs, Ft Belvoir, Va (1960) (For Official Use Only)... 

Antitussive effects (tested on cats) have been reported for MGXs from Rudbeckia [147] and mahony [58]. Comparative tests performed under the same conditions with some drugs used in clinical praxis revealed a significantly higher activity than expressed by the non-narcotic synthetic drugs. 

We computed the percentage errors between the reaction rate computations based on the experiments with those based on the kinetic model. Note that, like the pressure and temperature comparisons, the accuracy of the calculations for reaction rates decreases as we compare Test 1 with Test 2 and Test 3- In Test 1 the error ranges from 3 to 21, in Test 2 it was 10 to 21, in Test 3 it ranged from 5 to 36. ... 

The use of suitable model particle systems is recommended for the comparative test of bioreactors and their operating conditions. They permit faster, more reproducible and thus more cost-effective optimisation of technical relevant reactors [27,42-52]. 

For the rest of the control loop, Gc is obviously the controller transfer function. The measuring device (or transducer) function is Gm. While it is not shown in the block diagram, the steady state gain of Gm is Km. The key is that the summing point can only compare quantities with the same units. Hence we need to introduce Km on the reference signal, which should have the same units as C. The use of Km, in a way, performs unit conversion between what we dial in and what the controller actually uses in comparative tests. 2... 

Hill, G. E. 1994. Geographic variation in male ornamentation and female mate preference in the house finch A comparative test of models of sexual selection. Behav. Ecol. 5 64-73. 

The accuracy of an analytical method is given by the extent by which the value obtained deviates from the true value. One estimation of the accuracy of a method entails analyzing a sample with known concentration and then comparing the results between the measured and the true value. The second approach is to compare test results obtained from the new method to the results obtained from an existing method known to be accurate. Other approaches are based on determinations of the per cent recovery of known analyte spiked into blank matrices or products (i.e., the standard addition method). For samples spiked into blank matrices, it is recommended to prepare the sample at five different concentration levels, ranging over 80-120%, or 75-125%, of the target concentration. These preparations used for accuracy studies usually called synthetic mixtures or laboratory-made preparations . 

The comparative testing of the experimental samples of power sources of LR2325 size (system Mn02-Li) and 1142 size (system Mn02-Zn), Tables 2, 3, support the above conclusion. 

The independent comparative testing of the experimental samples of the internally-made power sources of IGIC 1142 size and the Toshiba s L43 (both size designations stand for similar cell sizes) were carried out. It was shown that power sources containing manganese dioxide cathode obtained... 

Therefore, let us start by proposing a definition, one that can at least serve as a basis for our own discussions. Let us define linearity as The property of data comparing test results to actual concentrations, such that a straight line provides as good a fit (using the least-squares criterion) as any other mathematical function. ... 

Limitations in Analytical Accuracy Part 3 - Comparing Test Results for Analytical Uncertainty... 

Q. if I.G. Farben stated in the forwarding letter, as they did, that "In reference to the 29 December meeting for the making of comparative tests, we are forwarding these 50 doses," would it be clear to you, after tests had already been made on 3000, that the 50 doses were not intended as normal clinical tests but for special controlled conditions ... 

The two important discoveries in the search for iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts were (a) the finding that the addition of alkali yielded significant improvements in the activity and selectivity (to liquid products) of iron catalysts (15), and (b) the development of the medium-pressure synthesis (16). In 1943 a pilot plant was constructed at Schwarz-Leide in Germany for the comparative testing of iron-based catalysts. However, the outcome of World War II curtailed its activities. After 1945 many of the plants were destroyed and, for those remaining, recommencement of operation was forbidden for several years. Of the three plants restarted, the last at Bergkamen was closed in 1962. 

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