Primate models

The potential for normal brain tissue injury is one of the limiting factors in the use of XRT for brain tumors. Pentobarbital is a cerebral radioprotectant in rodent and primate models after single doses, but is associated with significant risks. Of alternative barbiturates, thiopental given to tats receiving 70-Gy (7000-rad) whole-brain irradiation in a single fraction enhances the 30-day survival similarly to pentobarbital, whereas ethohexital and phenobarbital show no radioprotective activity (250). 

Parkinson s disease (PD) 1. In a non-human primate model of PD endocannabinoid levels are elevated in the basal ganglia and may contribute to the generation of parkinsonian symptoms and/or to expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. The cerebrospinal fluid of untreated PD patients contains elevated levels of AEA 1. CB-) antagonists or biosynthesis inhibitors... 

Maneuf, YP, Mitchell, IJ, Crossman, AR, Woodruff, GN and Brotchis, JM (1995) Functional implications of Kappa opioid receptor mediated modulation of glutamate transmission in the output regions of the basal ganglia in rodent and primate models. Brain Res. 683 102-108. 

Howard, J.L., and Pollard, G.T. Are primate models of neuropsychiatric disorders useful to the pharmaceutical industry In Miczek, K.A., ed. Ethopharmacology Primate Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. New York Alan R. Liss, 1983. pp. 307-312. 

Bums, R.S. Chieuh, C.C. Markey, S.P. Ebert, M.H. Jacobowitz, D.M. and Kopin, I.J. A primate model of parkinsonism Selective destraction of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra by n-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80 4546-4550, 1983. 

DeLong M. R. (1990). Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci. 13, 281-5. 

Nuckley DJ et al (2008) Intervertebral disc degeneration in a naturally occurring primate model radiographic and biomechanical evidence. J Orthop Res 26(9) 1283-1288... 

Greenamyre, J. T., Eller, R. V., Zhang, Z. et al. Antiparkinsonian effects of remacemide hydrochloride, a glutamate antagonist, in rodent and primate models of Parkinson s disease [Comment]. Ann. Neurol. 35 655-661,1994. 

Barros, M. and Tomaz, C. Non-human primate models for investigating fear and anxiety. Neurosci. Biohehav. Rev. 26 187-201,2002. 

Schlemmer, R. F., and Davis, J. M. (1983) A comparison of three psychotomimetic-induced models of psychoses in non-human primate social colonies. In Ethopharmacology Primate Models of Neuropsychiatry, edited by K. A. Miczek, pp. 37-83. Alan R. Liss, New York. 

Schmidt M, Zickler P, Hoffmann G, et al. Polyclonal long term repopulating stem cell clones in a primate model. Blood. 2002 100 2737 2743. 

Currently the only specific pharmacological therapeutic option available for AD patients is treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors, which provide moderate benefits in a subset of patients for a limited period [7]. More efficient future therapeutic strategies may be directed at the metabolic events resulting in Ap accumulation, for example by inhibition of P- or y-sec-retase [7], or at the prevention of neuronal loss by neurotrophin therapy [6]. The availability of transgenic mouse models of the disease, such as mice overexpressing APP mutants [8], and the utilization of primate models of cerebral amyloid [9] permits preclinical testing of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. 

Weinbauer GF et al (2011) Objective groups size determination for developmental toxicity studies in a nonhuman primate model Macaca... 

Stewart J (2008) Developmental/reproductive study design options for monoclonal antibodies. In Weinbauer GF, Vogel F (eds) Critical contributions of primate models for biophar-maceutical drug development. Waxmarm, Munster, pp 101-112... 

Weinbauer GE et al (2011) Objective groups size determination for developmental toxicity studies in a nonhuman primate model Macaco, fascicularis). In Weinbauer GE, Vogel E (eds) Euture trends in primate toxicology and biotechnology. Waxmann, Muenster, pp 81-94... 

Coplan, J.D., Rosenblum, L.A., and Gorman, J.M. (1995) Primate models of anxiety. Longitudinal perspectives. Psychiatry Clin North Am 18 727—743. 

In addition, the neuroanatomy of OT receptor distribution patterns is species-specific. Wide variability in patterns of receptor distribution exists across even closely related species (Insel and Shapiro, 1991 Insel et al., 1999). These cross-species disparities necessitate caution when one makes general statements about the relationships between OT and specific behaviors. For example, primates and humans have a circadian rhythm of CSF OT, while rodents do not (McCarthy and Altemus, 1997). There are important limits to the extent to which the results of specific gene knockout models may be extrapolated to other species. Ultimately, primate models may be necessary to assess the functions of OT in the primates and humans. 

Evidence of noradrenergic involvement in panic disorder includes results from studies on the growth hormone axis, the cardiovascular system, and the homeostatic control of the noradrenergic axis. A review of these three areas is presented below. To illustrate the manner in which the environment may interact with the noradrenergic axis, the review of these three areas integrates research on panic disorder with research on children who may be at risk for panic disorder and with research on nonhuman primate models of human anxiety states. 

Studies on the noradrenergic axis in nonhuman primates provide evidence that early environmental stressors may provoke biological and behavioral phenocopies of human clinical anxiety states. We have used the primate model of developmental psychopathology pioneered by Rosenblum et al. (1991) to explore this issue. Nonhuman primates who were reared as infants by mothers undergoing environmental stress induced by unpredictable or variable foraging demand (VFD-reared) conditions were compared with nonhuman primates reared as infants by mothers exposed to predictable (either low [LFD-reared] or high [HFD-reared]) foraging demand conditions. 

Rodent models have been used successfully to study generalized anxiety, but, unfortunately, their applicability to the study of panic attacks is doubtful [File 1995]. In contrast, nonhuman primate models of both anxiety and panic have been developed in our own group and in other laboratories. These models, which typically involve the administration of a challenge agent to a singly caged animal, have been successful because fear and anxiety occur spontaneously in the primate, typically in response to social or environmental threat, and because monkeys exhibit much the same behavioral repertoire in their natural environment and in captivity [Higley and Suomi 1989 Kalin and Shelton 1989 Sapolsky 1990 Suomi 1982]. 

Song, S., M. Scott-Jorgensen, I Wang, A. Poirier, I Crawford, M. Campbell-Thompson, and T. Flotte, Intramuscular administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 alpha-I antitrypsin (rAAV-SERPINAl) vectors in a nonhuman primate model safety and immunologic aspects. Mol Ther, 2002. 6(3) 329. 

Casey DE. Extrapyramidal syndromes and new antipsychotic drugs findings in patients and non-human primates models. Br J Psychiatry 1996 168(suppl 29) 32-39. 

Gould, K. J., C. N. Manners, D. W Payling, J. L. Suschitky, and E. VNfells. 1988. Predictive structure-activity relationships in a series of pyranoquinoline derivatives. Anew primate model for the identi cation of antiallergic activity. J. Med. Chem31 1445-1453. 

Roberts, S.M., Weimar, W.R., Vinson, J.R.T. et al. (2002) Measurement of arsenic bioavailability in soil using a primate model. Toxicological Sciences, 67(2), 303-10. 

Hantraye P, Riche D, Maziere M, Isacson O (1990) A primate model of Huntington s disease behavioral and anatomical studies of unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the caudate-putamen in the baboon. Exp Neurol 108 91-104. 

Wichmann T, DeLong MR. Pathophysiology of Parkinson s disease the MPTP primate model of the human disorder. Ann N YAcad Sci. 2003 991 199-213. 

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