Knockout models

The tissue-specific patterns of expression of the PPAR. isotypes suggested that these proteins have distinct physiological roles, and this was further supported when each was specifically disrupted in mouse gene knockout models. 

Wound healing Schizophrenia (mouse knockout model) ... 

Other knockout models that could be used to validate candidate genes include mice that lack monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which have demonstrated altered behavior and alcohol tolerance [54]. Transgenic mice in which the dopamine transporter gene has been deleted show striking hyperactivity via enhanced persistence of dopamine which is not altered by cocaine or amphetamine administration [55]. Knockouts of the serotonin IB receptor are also available and are best used as models of vulnerability to drug abuse [56]. 

The precise mechanism involved in loss of body fat in this disorder however remains speculative but it is likely that autoimmune mechanisms (body defense mechanisms acting against body fat) are involved. Interestingly, in AGL severe insulin resistant diabetes mellitus is a typical clinical feature." Insulin resistance is frequently associated with an increased body weight and fat mass. Therefore, AGL is an interesting and unique knockout model of subcutaneous adipose tissue combined with insulin resistant diabetes mellitus. 

Zambrowicz BP, Turner CA, Sands AT. Predicting drug efficacy knockouts model pipeline drugs of the pharmaceutical industry. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003 3 563-70. 

Zambrowicz BP, Sands AT. Knockouts model the 100 best-selUng drugs - will they model the next 100 Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003 2 38-51. 

Mutagenesis and Knockout Models Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical System... 

Keywords Substance P Neurokinin 1 Tachykinin Anxiety Knockout model... 

In addition, the neuroanatomy of OT receptor distribution patterns is species-specific. Wide variability in patterns of receptor distribution exists across even closely related species (Insel and Shapiro, 1991 Insel et al., 1999). These cross-species disparities necessitate caution when one makes general statements about the relationships between OT and specific behaviors. For example, primates and humans have a circadian rhythm of CSF OT, while rodents do not (McCarthy and Altemus, 1997). There are important limits to the extent to which the results of specific gene knockout models may be extrapolated to other species. Ultimately, primate models may be necessary to assess the functions of OT in the primates and humans. 

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