Primate models nonhuman primates

DiUman JF in, PhiUips CS. 2005. Whole hlood gene expression profiles from model nonhuman primates and humans. Toxicol Sci 87(I) 306-3I4. 

Neurodevelopmental studies using animal models (nonhuman primates,... 

The available inhalation data for Durad MP280, Fyrquel 220, Cellulube 220, Skydrol 500B-4, and cyclotriphosphazene (reviewed in the next paragraph) are inadequate to derive intermediate-duration MRLs for these individual fluids, principally because the studies were conducted in species (rats or rabbits) that are generally considered to be insensitive to the delayed neurotoxicity of acute exposure to organophosphate esters. Cats, dogs, or nonhuman primates more accurately model the human expression of OPIDN than rats and rabbits, and studies in these species would provide a better basis for MRL derivation. 

The main pre-clinical species used for pharmacokinetic studies are the rat, mouse and dog. An examination of the Biosys database for 2000 and 2001 shows that of the abstracted papers, 6334 mapped to the subject heading Pharmacokinetics . Of these, the vast majority (70%) were studies on humans. Studies on rats constituted 14% of the reports, mice 7.5% and dogs 3.4% (Table 6.2). Nonhuman primates can also be important pharmacokinetic models, but ethical and practical considerations severely limit studies in these animals such that, within the same period, they represented less than 0.5% of the abstracted reports on PK. 

Figure 5 The C y-normalized cross-species exposure-response continuum for 7 across multiple pharmacology models [42]. A listed value (Cx) is the C iU (nM) affecting a response in assay X. RAM(r), rat radial arm maze DSR(nhp), nonhuman primate delayed spatial response task e-phys(r), rat electrophysiology model NOR(r), rat novel object recognition cGMP(m,r), mouse/rat cerebellar cGMP trem(nhp), nonhuman primate tremor rot(m), mouse rotarod.

Animal models of fear and anxiety have primarily used the rat, the mouse and, to a lesser extent, nonhuman primates. It is not particularly difficult to evoke or measure anxiety in these species. However, difficulties arise when one attempts to define exactly how a stimulus and resultant behavioral response are related to human behavior, i.e. when a mouse exhibits freezing behavior to an unfamiliar and threatening cue, what is the human equivalent Or, similarly, what stimulus could one present to a rat to best model the anxiety-inducing-experience of... 

In vitro TGN1412 caused a profound, polyclonal T-cell proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including those from patients with BCLL. It also induced a profound activation and proliferation of T-cell subsets including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, naive and memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. TGN1412 was shown to induce a transient, well tolerated expansion of T cells in nonhuman primates treated with TGN1412 and efficacy was demonstrated in a rhesus monkey collagen-induced arthritis model. 

Hendrickx, A.G., Makori, N. and Peterson, R. The nonhuman primate as a model of developmental immunotoxicology. Human Exper. Toxicol., 21(9-10), 537, 2002. 

The website continues, "The use of animal models to study neuro-developmental disorders has also been expanding, particularly here at UC Davis, which has schools of medicine and veterinary medieine, as well as a primate research center. Monkeys and other nonhuman primates have brains organized comparable to humans, making them ideal research models for the study of neuro-developmental disorders."... 

Weinbauer GF et al (2011) Objective groups size determination for developmental toxicity studies in a nonhuman primate model Macaca... 

Weinbauer GE et al (2011) Objective groups size determination for developmental toxicity studies in a nonhuman primate model Macaco, fascicularis). In Weinbauer GE, Vogel E (eds) Euture trends in primate toxicology and biotechnology. Waxmann, Muenster, pp 81-94... 

Evidence of noradrenergic involvement in panic disorder includes results from studies on the growth hormone axis, the cardiovascular system, and the homeostatic control of the noradrenergic axis. A review of these three areas is presented below. To illustrate the manner in which the environment may interact with the noradrenergic axis, the review of these three areas integrates research on panic disorder with research on children who may be at risk for panic disorder and with research on nonhuman primate models of human anxiety states. 

Studies on the noradrenergic axis in nonhuman primates provide evidence that early environmental stressors may provoke biological and behavioral phenocopies of human clinical anxiety states. We have used the primate model of developmental psychopathology pioneered by Rosenblum et al. (1991) to explore this issue. Nonhuman primates who were reared as infants by mothers undergoing environmental stress induced by unpredictable or variable foraging demand (VFD-reared) conditions were compared with nonhuman primates reared as infants by mothers exposed to predictable (either low [LFD-reared] or high [HFD-reared]) foraging demand conditions. 

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