Combinations and Applications

The hybrid experiments that have been reported in the literature for various applications are too numerous to be discussed here in detail. However, this review would not be complete without a rough survey of useful hybrid experiments that have been developed. These experiments 

Subspectra can be acquired using selective excitation (Kessler et al., 1986) or as the difference of two experiments with and without selective inversion followed by HOHAHA transfer (Bax and Davis, 1986). If n different subspectra are to be acquired, Hadamard-type acquisition schemes based on multiple-selective excitation are more efficient (Bircher et al., 1990). From 2 one-dimensional HOHAHA experiments with a systematic variation of the excited resonances, n individual subspectra can be obtained simultaneously through linear combinations of the 2 data 

One-dimensional subspectra also may be obtained by combining selective excitation and broadband homonuclear Hartmann mixing with het-eronuclear polarization-transfer steps like INEPT, DEPT (distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer), or heteronuclear Hartmann-Hahn transfer (Doss, 1992 Gardner and Coleman, 1994 Willker et al., 1994). Related experiments with multiple-step selective Hartmann-Hahn mixing in combination with heteronuclear coherence transfer were used by Kupce and Freeman (1993a). 

Selective excitation of a resolved resonance followed by homonuclear or heteronuclear Hartmann-Hahn transfer can also be advantageous in the preparation period of two-dimensional experiments. For example, two-dimensional COSY, NOESY, TOCSY, and two-dimensional /-resolved subspectra of individual spin systems can be acquired based on this principle (Homans, 1990 Sklenaf and Feigon, 1990 Nuzillard and Massiot, 1991 Gardner and Coleman, 1994). In selective two-dimensional experiments like soft COSY (Briischweiler et al., 1987 Cavanagh et al., 1987), 

Fourier transformation over an incremented Hartmann-Hahn evolution period yields the eigenfrequencies of the (effective) Hartmann-Hahn Hamiltonian. In solid samples with resolved heteronuclear dipolar couplings (Muller et al., 1974), this approach yields heteronuclear dipolar oscillation spectra (Hester et al., 1975) if the heteronuclear spins are Hartmann-Hahn matched during the evolution period of the experiment. In liquid state NMR, Fourier transformation over incremented homonu-clear Hartmann-Hahn transfer periods yields so-called coherence-transfer 

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Ding Guang Di 1982 Combination and application of Chinese herbal medicine (Zhong Yao de Pei Wu Yu Ying Yong - jSZfflj. 

Some of the particle-metal matrix combinations and applications that are known so far... 

The potential combinations and applications of starches is almost limitless. For example, the esterification of an oxidized, crosslinked, thin boiling starch with a polycarboxylic acid anhydride forms a modified, derivatized starch often used as a warp size in the textile industry (19). This combination of modifications demonstrates the variety of changes that can be made to produce a unique gum. As new modifications and techniques are developed, the number of combinations continues to increase, and the potential of developing new, beneficial modified starches is assured. 

Further investigation of the properties of various composite polymeric membranes containing nanoparticles is required in order to find the most appropriate combinations and applications of the membranes fabricated. In drinking water application, the nanoparticles used should be handled carefully due to the potentially toxic properties exhibited by the nanoparticles. For instance, silica nanoparticles are more suitable to be incorporated into membranes that will be used in drinking water application because silica exhibits lower toxicity and is environmentally inert In addition, the ratio of nanoparticles and polymeric materials should be optimized in order to produce more cost-competitive and higher-performance membranes in the future. 

There are ways to minimise wear and tear on the injection units by use of proper process parameter adjustment, the correct selection of barrel and screw for the job and suitable heat treatment outfitting (see hot combinations and applications)... 

Gao J 1995. Methods and Applications of Combined Quantum Mechanical and Molecular Mechanical Potentials. In Lipkowitz K B and D B Boyd (Editors) Reviews in Computational Chemistry Volume 7. New York, VCH Publishers, pp. 119-185. 

Tailoring of the particle size of the crystals from industrial crystallizers is of significant importance for both product quality and downstream processing performance. The scientific design and operation of industrial crystallizers depends on a combination of thermodynamics - which determines whether crystals will form, particle formation kinetics - which determines how fast particle size distributions develop, and residence time distribution, which determines the capacity of the equipment used. Each of these aspects has been presented in Chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6. This chapter will show how they can be combined for application to the design and performance prediction of both batch and continuous crystallization. 

In certain cases, more than one data point was available for a given data cell table in the CCPS Taxonomy. When several data points were considered appropriate and applicable to process equipment, the data were combined through a computer-aided aggregation process. The aggregation process is described in Section 5.2. 

During the gear manufacturing process, backlash is achieved by cutting each gear tooth thinner by an amount equal to one-half of the backlash dimension required for the application. When two gears made in this manner are run together (i.e., mate), their allowances combine and provide the full amount of backlash required. 

Manufacturers will publish rating and application data for their products, based on standard test conditions and for the more usual range of uses. They cannot be expected to have accurate figures for every possible combination of conditions for an individual purpose, although most will produce estimates if asked. 

In acidic electrolytes only lead, because it forms passive layers on the active surfaces, has proven sufficiently chemically stable to produce durable storage batteries. In contrast, in alkaline medium there are several substances basically suitable as electrode materials nickel hydroxide, silver oxide, and manganese dioxide as positive active materials may be combined with zinc, cadmium, iron, or metal hydrides. In each case potassium hydroxide is the electrolyte, at a concentration — depending on battery systems and application — in the range of 1.15 - 1,45 gem"3. Several elec-... 

It should be evident that the full spectrum of the possible materials and applications in load-bearing situations involves many factors that may have to be taken into account. Fortunately, most products involve only a few factors, and others will not be significant or relevant. Regardless, the methods of design analysis must be made available to handle any possible combinations of such factors as the materials characteristics, the product s shape, the loading mode, the loading type, and other service factors and design criteria. 

The techniques referred to above (Sects. 1—3) may be operated for a sample heated in a constant temperature environment or under conditions of programmed temperature change. Very similar equipment can often be used differences normally reside in the temperature control of the reactant cell. Non-isothermal measurements of mass loss are termed thermogravimetry (TG), absorption or evolution of heat is differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and an inert reference substance is termed differential thermal analysis (DTA). These techniques can be used singly [33,76,174] or in combination and may include provision for EGA. Applications of non-isothermal measurements have ranged from the rapid qualitative estimation of reaction temperature to the quantitative determination of kinetic parameters [175—177]. The evaluation of kinetic parameters from non-isothermal data is dealt with in detail in Chap. 3.6. 

All of the aspects and applications described in papers can be traced back to the patent literature [73]. The special or synergistic effect of ether carboxylates in combination with other surfactants is very often the basis, like combinations with alkyl ether sulfates or alkyl sulfates, for shampoos, foambaths, showerbaths, and liquid soaps [9,70,81-85], and the same for amidether carboxylates [71]. 

This by no means exhaustive discussion may serve to indicate the value of the information provided by magnetic data relative to the nature of the chemical bond. The quantum-mechanical rules for electron-pair bonds are essential to the treatment. Much further information is provided when these methods of attack are combined with crystal structure data, a topic which has been almost completely neglected in this paper. It has been found that the rules for electron-pair bonds permit the formulation of a set of structural principles for non-ionic inorganic crystals similar to that for complex ionic crystals the statement of these principles and applications illustrating their use will be the subject of an article to be published in the Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie. 

Enzymatic KRs, as all resolutions, are limited to a maximum theoretical yield of 50%. Strategies to increase the yield are therefore of great importance. The opposite of a resolution, that is, the racemization of a chiral compound, can sometimes be highly desirable and applicable in enantioselective synthesis. By combining a... 

The description of configuration interaction given for rr-electron methods is also valid for all-valence-electron methods. Recently, two papers were published in which the half-electron method was combined with a modified CNDO method (69) and the MINDO/2 method was combined with the Roothaan method (70). Appropriate semiempirical parameters and applications of all-valence-electron methods are most probably the same as those reviewed for closed-shell systems (71). 

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