Required Information

Appraisal activity should be based upon the information required. The first step is therefore to determine what uncertainties appraisal is trying to reduce, and then what information is required to tie down those uncertainties. For example, if fluid contacts are a major source of uncertainty, drilling wells to penetrate the contacts is an appropriate tool seismic data or well testing may not be. Other examples of appraisal tools are ... 

Early failures may occur almost immediately, and the failure rate is determined by manufacturing faults or poor repairs. Random failures are due to mechanical or human failure, while wear failure occurs mainly due to mechanical faults as the equipment becomes old. One of the techniques used by maintenance engineers is to record the mean time to failure (MTF) of equipment items to find out in which period a piece of equipment is likely to fail. This provides some of the information required to determine an appropriate maintenance strategy tor each equipment item. 

This is just the kind of information required from the chemical point of view. 

After obtaining the described decomposition the set of equations can be readily solved. This is because all of the information required for transfonnation of the coefficient matrix to an upper triangular fonn is essentially recorded in the lower triangle. Therefore modification of the right-hand side is quite straightforward and can be achieved using the lower triangular matrix as... 

Compare the two methods in terms of the assumptions involved, the supple mentary information required, and the sensitivity to experimental error 11. The following values of n/c2 versus C2 were measuredf at 25°C in 0.15 NaCl solutions for bovine serum albumin ... 

Instmmentation advances have increased the power and quahty of the fundamental analytical techniques used in conjunction with LIMS. Unfortunately, these advances come at a price of increasing complexity and volume of information. Despite ah. of the architectural and technological advances of computer hardware and software, the demands of the information requirements still exceed the computing capabhities, so as to put continuing pressure on computer manufacturers to iacrease storage and processiag capabhities evea further. 

Method (accuracy range, %) Information required Time to develop, weeks... 

The most common modes of operation for ms/ms systems include daughter scan, parent ion scan, neutral loss scan, and selected reaction monitoring. The mode chosen depends on the information required. Stmctural identification is generally obtained using daughter or parent ion scan. The mass analyzers commonly used in tandem systems include quadmpole, magnetic-sector, electric-sector, time-of-flight, and ion cyclotron resonance. Some instmments add a third analyzer such as the triple quadmpole ms (27). 

A great variety of factors are in use, depending on the time available and the accuracy expected. Normally the input information required is the base cost. Determination of this cost usually requires a knowledge of equipment sizes, probably using mass and energy balances for the proposed process. 

Sign to indicate training and/or information requirements are complete for startup. ... 

Whatever the need, once established it defines the information requirement that can then be the focal point from which the question of using QRA can be considered Can QRA satisfy the information requirement in an efficient, appropriate manner If so, all the factors that led to the decision to use QRA now become factors that help shape the objectives and scope for the particular QRA study. 

Step f considers all of the background information discussed in Section 2.f. If the information requirement is based on a regulatory concern or a special purpose need, then Steps 2 through 5 are bypassed and a QRA should be performed. If the information is needed for decision making, you must determine whether the significance of the decision warrants the expense of a QRA. If not, you may be able to use less resource-intensive qualitative approaches to satisfy your information requirements. Table 8 contains examples of typical conclusions reached from qualitative risk analysis results. 

Many sophisticated models and correlations have been developed for consequence analysis. Millions of dollars have been spent researching the effects of exposure to toxic materials on the health of animals the effects are extrapolated to predict effects on human health. A considerable empirical database exists on the effects of fires and explosions on structures and equipment. And large, sophisticated experiments are sometimes performed to validate computer algorithms for predicting the atmospheric dispersion of toxic materials. All of these resources can be used to help predict the consequences of accidents. But, you should only perform those consequence analysis steps needed to provide the information required for decision making. 

In the past, qualitative approaches for hazard evaluation and risk analysis have been able to satisfy the majority of decision makers needs. In the future, there will be an increasing motivation to use QRA. For the special situations that appear to demand quantitative support for safety-related decisions, QRA can be effective in increasing the manager s understanding of the level of risk associated with a company activity. Whenever possible, decision makers should design QRA studies to produce relative results that support their information requirements. QRA studies used in this way are not subject to nearly as many of the numbers problems and limitations to which absolute risk studies are subject, and the results are less likely to be misused. 

CA is primarily a team-based product design technique that, through simple structured analysis, gives the information required by designers to achieve the following ... 

None of the foregoing methods will tell the frequency or duration of exposure of any receptor to irritant or odorous gases when each such exposure may exceed the irritation or odor response threshold for only minutes or seconds. The only way that such an exposure can be measured instrumentally is by an essentially continuous monitoring instrument, the record from which will yield not only this kind of information but also all the information required to assess hourly, daUy, monthly, and annual phenomena. Continuous monitoring techniques may be used at a particular location or involve remote sensing techniques. 

The information is qualitative in nature. The area density of dots suggests local concentration differences, but the count rate at each point, which is fundamental information required for quantitation, is lost. 

In multiple-layer thin films, it is possible that some of the elements may be present simultaneously in two or more layers. XRF analysis of this type of film can be complicated and cannot be made solely from their observed intensities. Additional information, such as the compositions or thickness of some of the layers is needed. The amount of addidonal non-XRF information required depends on the complexity of the film. For example, in the analysis of a FeMn/NiFe double-layer film, the additional information needed can be the composition or thickness of either the FeMn or NiFe layer. Using the composition or thickness of one of the film predetermined from a single-layer film deposited under identical condidons, XRF analysis of the FeMn/NiFe film was successfiil. ... 

Because of the inherently destructive nature of ion bombardment, the use of SSIMS alone in the study of the reactions of surfaces with gases and vapor must be viewed with caution, but in combination with other surface techniques it can provide valuable additional information. The parallel techniques are most often XPS,TDS, and LEED, and the complementary information required from SSIMS normally refers to the nature of molecules on surfaces and with which other atoms, if any, they are combined. 

Airborne particulates include dust, fume and aerosols. Many such particles are invisible to the naked eye under normal lighting but are rendered visible, by reflection, when illuminated with a strong beam of light. This is the Tyndall effect and use of a dust lamp provides a simple technique for the rapid assessment of whether a dust is present, its flow pattern, leak sources, the effects of ventilation, etc. More sophisticated approaches are needed for quantitative data. Whether personal, spot or static sampling is adopted will depend upon the nature of the information required. 

Covers package design, approval, test procedures, notification of consignment, information requirements (for package and transport container). 

A complete list of the information required for each type of notification is given in Schedules 2 and 3 of the Regulations. 

The notification dossier may also contain a risk assessment prepared by the notifier. The precise contents of a notification will depend on, e.g., the quantity of the substance to be placed on the market and, to an extent, on the properties and uses of the substance. The thresholds for notification and a summary of the information requirements are given in Table 14.12. 

Duty of Care Regulations outline a transfer note system from which the Environment Agency can trace the destination of waste and previous holders. The information required on a transfer note is illustrated in Eigure 17.2. In order to comply with the statutory duty of care in respect of waste the following procedures are advised in a Code of Practice ... 

The information contained in the three data bases provides the necessary information required to design the optimum column. In addition, once the column has been designed, and its properties defined, a complementary set of Analytical Specifications can also be calculated. Thus, the design protocol contains three data bases. Performance Criteria, Elective Variables and Instrument Constraints. 

If the hypothesis or model does not seem to be a good predictor of what is happening in the building, you probably need to collect more information about the occupants, HVAC system, pollutant pathways, or contaminant sources. Under some circumstances, detailed or sophisticated measurements of pollutant concentrations or ventilation quantities may be required. Outside assistance may be needed if repeated efforts fail to produce a successful hypothesis or if the information required calls for instruments and procedures that are not available in-house. Analysis of the information collected during the LAQ investigation could produce any of the following results ... 

For either type pump, the bubble should stop between the 95 cc and 105 cc marks. Allow 4 minutes for the pump to draw the full amount of air. Also check the volume for 50 cc (1/2 pump stroke) and 25 cc (1/4 pump stroke) if pertinent. A +5 percent error is permissible. If error is greater than +8 percent, send the pump for repair and recalibration. Record the calibration information required on a calibration log. It may be necessary to clean or replace the rubber bung or tube holder if a large number of tubes have been taken with the pump. 

Most of the information required In Part I and all of the Information required In Part II of Form R can be filled In and photocopied and attached to each chemical-specific report. Part I must have an original signature on the certification statement and the trade secret designation must be entered as appropriate. You have the option to complete Part II for only the off-site locations that apply to the Individual chemical cited In the report g you can list all off-site locations that apply to all chemicals being reported and Include a photostatic copy of this Part II with each individual report. Part III must be completed separately for each chemical. Part IV provides additional space, if needed, to complete the information required by the preceding sections of the form. Include Part IV In your report, even it it Is blank. 

Calculating Releases - To provide the release information required in columns A.1 and A.2 in this section, you must use all readily available data (including relevant monitoring data and emissions measurements) collected at your facility to meet other regulatory requirements or as part of routine plant operations, to the extent you have such data for the toxic chemical. 

The CAP can serve as the technical framework for a Corrective Action program. The CAP provides a "menu" of activities or information requirements that may be necessary for each phase of the process. Site-specific conditions and the nature and extent of the contamination will determine which tasks will be necessary. The necessary tasks will be enforceable through permit conditions or by an administrative order or judicial action. The (TAP can serve as a flexible engineering guide for the regulatory community in implementing their own Corrective Action Program. 

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