Vienna convention

The full text of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is available at http //www.unep.org/ozone/vienna t.shtml, and contains much of the primary data that alerted the scientific community to the threats of CFCs, etc. It is somewhat dated now, but the Web page of the United Nations Ozone Secretariat is more reliable http //www.unep.org/ozone/index-en.shtml. 

In order to prevent the destruction of the Earth s ozone layer, the international community has agreed upon restrictions during a convention (The Vienna Convention, 1985) and a protocol was written (The Montreal Protocol, 1987). The Montreal Protocol requires the progressive phase-out of the produc-... 

Treatment of Polish Nationals in Danzig , PCIJ Series A/B, No. 44 (1932), p. 24. See also the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which in Article 27 provides that A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. It has been said that this principle is a self-evident one (Hersch Lauterpacht, The Development of International Law by the International Court, London Stevens Sons, 1958, p. 262). For a critical examination of the labelling of this principle as such, see Masahiko Asada, International Regime-Making Treaties and Constitutional Constraints on Their National Implementation , Journal of International Law... 

Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 12 Nov. 1977 In 1997, one State (Lebanon) ratified the Convention, and two States (Belarus, Israel) signed the Convention. The Convention had 29 Parties. 

PEPAT is a legally binding instrument. According to Art. 26 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Every Treaty is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith (17). 

Most Asian countries are parties to the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting compounds. The Montreal Protocol is exemplary in the sense that it truly embodies the principles of common but differentiated responsibility between the industrial and developing countries. It recognizes the fact that industrialized countries are responsible for the bulkof emissions ofCFC. Moreover, they have the financial and technological resources to find proper replacements for these substances. Meanwhile, the developing countries are given a period of grace before they must start their phase-out schedules. 

The protection of the world climate or components thereof has become the object of international agreements since the end of the seventies. The most important agreements to that extent are the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979 and its Protocols, as well as the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 and its Protocol (Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987). However, only the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 (Framework Convention) together with the Kyoto Protocol represent a comprehensive approach to international protection of the climate. 

Commentary to the Vienna Convention, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, Vol. II... 

A good summary of the comprehensiveness of current international nuclear liability arrangements is that out of the approximately 380 reactors existing worldwide, only about 120 are covered by the provisions of the Paris and Brussels Conventions and only three, of which but one is in Europe, by the Vienna Convention. These figures probably illustrate better than any others the inadequacy of current arrangements. 

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985). Created a framework for international cooperation and monitoring. It was agreed in principle to tackle a global environmental problem before its effects were felt (or scientific certainty obtained), viscosity. The internal resistance to flow of a fluid mathematically defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. 

Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage... 

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