Critical evaluation of data

Critical evaluation of data to determine controlling granulation mechanisms... 

The majority of extreme data were received from the universities. It was evident that the switch-on, inject, switch-off approach was applied (likely by the students) without critical evaluation of data produced by the computers software. The least scattered M values were obtained in the industrial laboratories, in which evidently the skilled operators performed the measurements. Better data accuracy was obtained for polyamides [154] and for oligomeric polyepoxides [155] than for the unproblematic poly(dimethyl siloxane)s and even for the most simple polymer, polystyrene likely because only experts measured the latter difficult samples. 

Weltje L. 1998. Mixture toxicity and tissue interactions of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in earthworms (Oligochaeta) in laboratory and field soils a critical evaluation of data. Chemosphere 36 2643-2660. 

The multiplicity of possible linear macromolecules is enormously increased by copolymerization, i.e., by polymerizing more than one monomer. Because it is possible to vary concentration as well as placement of the various monomers, as discussed in Sect. 1.2, there are unlimited numbers of different polymers, and it is impossible to ever produce all polymers of promise to check their properties and pick optimum materials. One must develop the ability to predict polymer properties before making the actual molecules. This prediction capability is one of the key goals of the study of polymers. It must start with a critical evaluation of data of the physical... 

For practical applications it is necessary to have values of thermodynamic functions available, and in particular it is necessary to have values of enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, and Gibbs energy for a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The critical evaluation of data is a difficult and important art, often made more difficult by the failure of authors of original papers to supply necessary information. Some comments on this subject can be found in a recent article. ... 

A sampling of appHcations of Kamlet-Taft LSERs include the following. (/) The Solvatochromic Parameters for Activity Coefficient Estimation (SPACE) method for infinite dilution activity coefficients where improved predictions over UNIEAC for a database of 1879 critically evaluated experimental data points has been claimed (263). (2) Observation of inverse linear relationship between log 1-octanol—water partition coefficient and Hquid... 

The molecules in a gas-hquid interface are in tension and tend to contract to a minimum surface area. This tension may be quantified by the surface tension, which is defined as the force in the plane of the surface per unit length. Jasper" has made a critical evaluation of experimental surface tension data for approximately 2200 pure chem-ic s. He correlates surface tension C (mN/m = dyn/cm) with temperature T (°C) over a specified temperature range as... 

The provision of clinical data in support of conformity with the requirements of the directives does not necessarily mean that the device has to be subjected to actual clinical investigations. Instead, the manufacturer may present critical evaluations of... 

Critically evaluated experimental data covering the densities of organic compounds is essential for both scientific and industrial applications. Knowledge of densities is important in many areas, including custody transfer of materials, product specification, development of various predictive methods, and for characterizing compounds and estimating their purity. 

Harvesting carnations will account for average transfer factors of about 2000 cm2/hr for pesticides applied by high-volume applications. A critical evaluation of existing data may generate more reliable generic transfer factors for use in the re-entry model. 

Shafer TJ, Meyer DA (2004) Effects of pyrethroids on voltage-sensitive calcium channels a critical evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, data needs, and relationship to assessment of cumulative neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 196 303-318... 

Homoaromaticity has been invoked to explain the properties (principally NMR data) of the variously substituted tetrazine nuclei [80] and [81] (Kohn and Olofson, 1972 Counotte-Potman et al., 1981a,b,c Stam et al., 1982 Hoskin et al., 1982). A recent critical evaluation of these and their own data... 

R. M. Borges dos Santos, J. A. Martinho Simoes. Energetics of the O-H Bond in Phenol and Substituted Phenols A Critical Evaluation of Literature Data. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1998,27, 707-739. 

Critical evaluations of activity and osmotic coefficient data were undertaken early in the 1930-1940 period by Harned and Owen (1958) and by Robinson and Stokes, (1965). Wu and Hamer (1968) evaluated activity and osmotic coefficient data for a series of electrolytes but their work on polyvalent electrolytes was not completed. Their work on the 1 1 electrolytes was published in 1972. The evaluation of polyvalent electrolyte data has been continuing in the Electrolyte Data Center at the National Bureau of Standards, and this paper will summarize the methods used in evaluating data for over 100 aqueous polyvalent electrolytes. 

Concluding this section, we may mention a paper by Daams and Villars (1993) concerning an atomic environment classification of the chemical elements. Critically evaluated crystallographic data for all element modifications (and recommended atomic volumes) have been reported. Special structural stability diagrams were used to separate AET stability domains and to predict the structure (in terms of environment types) of hitherto unknown high-pressure and high-temperature modifications. Reference to the use of AET in thermodynamic (CALPHAD) modelling and calculation has been made by Ferro and Cacciamani (2002). 

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