Powertrain Applications

Numerous applications exist for anaerobic threadlockers and sealants in engines, transmissions and axles to create vibration-proof fasteners and to seal fluid joints. 

RTV silicones face strong competition from moulded silicone gaskets used by US manufacturers, and European manufacturers have preferred to use moulded rubber gaskets in most applications. Furthermore, many applications are developing for liquid injection-moulded gaskets that that can be injected and cured into preformed grooves in an assembled component. Up until now, this has only been possible with silicones, but Freudenberg NOK G.P. has announced a family of non-silicone liquid elastomers  

These materials promise to extend the range of elastomer performance available to liquid injection moulders. A related development is seal-in-place technology for fuel cells. Developed by Dow Corning in conjunction with the fuel-cell manufacturer Fiydrogenics Corporation, it is a cost-effective, automated sealing process that injects silicone materials into an assembled (but unsealed) fuel cell 

It seems likely that liquid form-in-place gasketing will decline because of major changes in legislation and the performance requirements of the OEM. 

Among the major drivers of demand for higher-performance gaskets and sealants in automotive applications have been  

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The first, -40 to 170 °C, covers the requirements in the passenger compartment, climate control system, and powertrain applications. The sensors are mostly based on negative thermal coefficient resistors (NTCs). Other technologies are capable of meeting the technical requirements in this temperature range (PTCs, Pt 1000 resistors, integrated circuits with linear outputs (KTY-series) or copper or nickel resistors) but none of these has a major market share so far. 

While once viewed as unsuitable for the extreme environment found near engines, plastics now are being used under the hood as replacements for metal parts. These plastics meet the requirements for strength, high temperatures, and even flame resistance needed for powertrain applications while offering the advantages of lower weight and cost, improved air flow, and corrosion resistance. 

SMC powertrain applications are developed by DSM Composite Resins and Budd Plastics. The Lonza Group has developed structural grade SMC specifically for the growing use of SMC automotive apphcations such as pickup truck cargo boxes. The General Mo-... 

Betties C.J., Forwood C.T., Griffiths J.R., et al. (2003b), AMC-SCl new magnesium alloy suitable for powertrain applications , SAE Technical paper 2003-01-1365, SAE World Congress, Detroit, Ml. 

For automotive powertrain applications the following factors are important cost, weight, volume, freeze start ability, and high efficiency. The important factors for stationary applications, where the heat might be used besides electric power, are volume, weight, freeze start, and less electric efficiency. However, here the requirement for a long life is more relevant. 

M. Deacon, R.W. Horrocks, C.J. Brace, N.D. Vaughan, C.R. Burrows "Impact of alternative controller strategies on emissions from a diesel CVT powertrain - preliminary results." IMechE Seminar on "Application of Powertrain and Fuel Technologies to meet Emission Standards." 24.-26. June 1996, London. 

Vans or light duty transport vehicle are like busses an optimal application for fuel cell powertrain. The utilization profile of such vehicles for example for city delivery leads to an advantage in the infrastructure. The vehicles can be refueled in a central depot, so that only one local H2 station is required and not a wide spread infrastructure. 

The use of passenger car fuel cell system or the common uses of some sub-modules allow a significant cost reduction of the fuel cell powertrain for bus application. In several demonstration projects and in the small serial production busses, Daimler and Evobus have presented this application. 

From 1999 on all fuel cell bus activities were concentrated in the program ZeBus in the company of the Xcellsis GmbH (Fig. 4.47). One big step towards mamrity was achieved The technology was the basis for the until now biggest demonstration program (Cute) of Daimler in Europe. The powertrain was designed especially for a bus application. 

Small fuel ceU systems, that are integrated in a vehicle, but are not used for the energy supply of the powertrain, are called APU. Typically they have a power ration between 1 and 5 kW. The potential in the market for APU applications is high, as l(Mig as the system cost can be achieved [53]. Two interesting applications of APUs in passenger cars as well as in heavy duty vehicles have been demonstrated successfully. 

For very big ships with a high energy need it seems that the diesel is still the most efficient powertrain. Alone the hydrogen feed would not be given in such an application—not with tank storage, nor with diesel reforming. 

Uses and applications automotive powertrain components, charge air coolers, EPS and ETC gears, motor sensors, auto coimectors, chain tensioners E E connectors, microswitches, bobbins, memory modules, motor components, specialty films and fibers, consumer appliances. 

Uses and applications automotive fuel and powertrain systems, fuel lines, hydraulic hoses, transmission oil cooler hoses, servo brakes vacuum tubes, clutch tubes, and filaments. 

In addition to the fuel-ceU hybrid systems for powertrains and hght traction applications described above, there are several other appHcations that use fuel-cell hybrid systems, some of which are described briefly below. These examples are only niche market appHcations. At present, the main application area for fuel-cell hybrid systems is mobile applications, as has been described. 

Example of application in the domain of transport the ECCE platform (Evaluation des Composants d une Chaine de traction Electrique — Evaluation of the Components in an Electric Powertrain)... 

Applications automotive (air intake systems, compressed air systems, hydrauiic systems, fuei systems, powertrain and chassis), eiectricai eiectronics (eiectricai appiiances, eiectrioai equipment, cabies tubes, connectors), industry consumer goods ( housewares, hydrauiics and pneumatics, mechanical engineering, sports ieisure, toois accessories) ... 

Applications automotive (compressed air systems, hydraulic systems, electrical, lighting, cooling and climate control, fuel systems, powertrain chassis), connectors, electrical equipment, film, industry consumer goods (housewares, hydraulics pneumatics, mechanical engineering, medical devices, sanitary, water and gas supply, sports leisure, tools accessories) ... 

The application of the battery pack model is illustrated by studying a design example in the electrified vehicle area. In this section, the battery pack model is the key part of the powertrain of a series hybrid electric vehicle. A unique (for passenger duty) vehicle is studied in the Autonomic simulation environment [20], Then, several Energy Storage System (ESS) options, which are combinations of... 

Three chips have been designed for production applications using this enhanced tool. One chip addressed a powertrain control application, a second chip supported a communications protocol application, and a third chip implemented a chassis application. All three chips were designed using the synthesis tool in parallel with a manual implementation by the production design team. 

This application controls a certain aspect of an automotive powertrain system. Due to the real-time control nature of this application and the number of concurrent timing operations, the synthesized version of the chip was implemented with ten concurrent processes. A generic diagram illustrating the flavor of the interprocess communication on this chip is shown in Figure 4, and the synthesized chip layout is shown in Figure 5. 

Figure 4. Block Diagram of Powertrain Control Application...

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