System cost

Table 9-40 is a very simplified presentation. In a full standard costing system, the direct material, direc t labor, and overhead variances are broken down into component pai ts to enable an even closer look at the operation. Standard costing is an invaluable aid to management for controlling a business. 

The task of synthesizing an optimal RON can be stated as follows For a given feed flowrate, Qf. and a feed concentration, Cp. it is desired to synthesize a minimum cost system of reverse osmosis modules, booster pumps and energy-recovery turbines Chat can separate the feed into two streams an environmentally acceptable permeate and a retentate (reject) stream in which the undesired species is concentrated. The permeate stream must meet two requirements ... 

Many issues need to be considered when choosing the most appropriate combination of drivers. Choosing the best combination is a trade-off between capital costs, operating costs, system flexibility and reliability. 

It is one thing to design, test, and maintain a recovery system that effectively recovers NAPL, but the handling of the coproduced groundwater is another matter. The effectiveness of a recovery system can suffer if the disposal capacity is insufficient or treatment costs are high. Additionally, a cost-effective, low operation and maintenance recovery system can quickly be turned into a high-cost system if the coproduced water fate is not coordinated with the recovery system. A key factor will be the level of treatment required, if any, prior to disposal. Three alternatives are explored surface discharge refinery reuse and reinjection. 

Timer-controlled systems are simple, low-cost systems which involve timing of flow through an orifice. Most include a sight glass or other means of checking the amount batched. A number of variables, such as changes in power supply, constriction of the measuring orifice and increased viscosity of the admixture can introduce considerable error. Timer-controlled units must be recalibrated frequently, and the plant operator must be alert to verify the proper admixture dose by observation of the calibration tube. They have been successfully used with... 

Based on the treatment of 50,000 tons of contaminated material, the preliminary cost estimate for using the STRATEX technology is approximately 125 to 150 per ton of material processed. The preliminary cost estimations include preliminary estimates of the operations and maintenance costs, including labor costs, system transport costs, binder costs, fuel costs, and travel costs (D14167D, p. 6). 

The vendor states that in many cases it may not be necessary for the SGPV to operate under supercritical conditions. This may reduce processing costs. System setup and waste stream characteristics will have an impact on system costs (D17183P, p. 4). 

SADARM submunitions are designed to be delivered by any of the artillery weapons already in use, making it a low cost system. The submunitions are packaged in a standard artillery projectile, and is stored, handled, loaded and fired exactly like the artillery rounds now in the field... 

Catalysts and/or activators with a higher efficiency of CTL emission to realize a low-cost system using a semiconductor photodetector... 

Compare the return on the extra investment. Compute and tabulate the total cost of each type of control system. Then determine the extra investment for each of the more costly systems by subtracting the cost of type a from the cost of each of the other types. With the extra investment known, compute the lifetime savings in power input for each of the more efficient control methods. With the extra investment and savings resulting from it known, compute the percentage return on the extra investment. Tabulate the findings as in Table 6.32. 

FIGURE 19.8 A schematic of a CMP waste treatment system with oxidizer and metals removal, but no solids removal. This low-cost system is feasible if it is not necessary to reclaim or recycle the CMP wastewater, and if environmental regulations permit. 

Once the project is under construction, a project cost control system should be implemented. This system provides a status report listing construction status, current budget, committed cost, expenditures to date, cost to be committed, final cost, and variance from budget. This cost system provides management with a method to plan and track the various phases of a packaging project. 

Ablative pyrolysis is interesting as much larger particle sizes can be employed than in other systems and there is no requirement for inert gas. Both lead to a potentially lower cost system. 

A low cost system for smaller communities is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a shredder to reduce the size of waste paper, a densification system to convert the shredded waste paper to a dense fuel "cube, the gasification reactor, a gas cleanup system, and an engine-generator to convert the gas to electrical power. 

Cleghorn, S. Kolde, J. Reid, R. Teller, O. New MEAs for low cost system design. In 2003 Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts, Courtesy Associates Washington, DC, 2003. 

We investigated the possibility of using low-cost starch derivatives as replacements for dextran. Mattiasson was able to form an ATPS by combining PEG and a maltodextrin (degree of pol)unerization = 10, (DPIO)) but abandoned this system for an ATPS based on HP starch, which he considered to be more stable (7). We have tested inexpensive, food-grade maltodextrins (MD) with a range of DP numbers (7-20) and found them to perform well in affinity ATPS extractions. This paper describes the physical properties of these low-cost systems and how they were applied in the purification of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH). 

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