Polymeric Food Colorants

Because azo dyes, as amaranth, are the most widely used food colorants and are water soluble, they were bonded to selected polymers via a sulfonamide linkage. However, the azo linkages in the dyes themselves were unstable to intestinal microbial action and do not meet the requirements of biological stability because they are cleaved in the gut to yield absorbable aromatic amines. Hence a variety range of chromophore classes have been reported to be incorporated into polymers. For the anthraquinone class of chromophores, the basic water insolubility was changed by converting a portion of the backbone to sulfonic acids that impart anionic solubilizing functions. However, this meant that fewer chromophores could be attached and less intense colors would result. 

Solid polymeric colorants may also be prepared by using solid absorbent materials such as metal oxides, metal salts of aluminosilicate, clays, diatomites, hydro-talcite, silica, zeolite, hollow glass spheres, organic-inorganic mesoporous hybrid 

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Polymeric food colorants have been prepared either by polymerization of monomeric chromophores or by chemical modification of preformed polymers through a suitable functional dye group. For example, the methacrylamide naphthyl derivative was polymerized to give a polymeric food colorant (Scheme 5.3) [21, 22] ... 

Scheme 5.3 Polymeric food colorant of methacrylamide derivative [21, 22]...

Polymeric Food Antioxidants Table 5.1 Polymeric food colorants... 

UF has also been evaluated52 as a method for purification of polymeric dyes made by the attachment of an azo-chromophore onto a polymeric backbone. This is particularly important when these dyes are used as food colorants. The low molecular weight species and oligomers must be removed to ensure that the product will be nonabsorbable following ingestion. 

The main classes of Maillard reaction end products of practical interest inelude volatile heterocyclic molecules responsible for aromas of thermally processed foods colored oligomeric and polymeric molecules that determine non-enzymatic browning of thermally processed foods protein and lipid cross-linking and other advanced glycation end products in vivo, which are implicated in pathogenesis of comphcations in diabetes and aging. Here we only consider the contribution of D-finctosamines implicated in the formation of these end products. A number of reviews containing detailed considerations of the formation of volatiles, melanoidins, and... 

Chem. Descrip. Blend of hydrocarbons, waxes, and nonionic emulsifiers Uses Defoamer for emulsion polymers, water-dilutable systems, pigmented and unpigmented systems, coating colors for paper prod. in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings food-contact paper/paperboard Features Silicone-free... 

Uses Surfactant, emulsifier, solubilizer, wetting agent, dispersant in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, polymerization, paints emulsifier, dispersant in medicinals adjuvant in herbicides diluent in food colorants flavor antistat, lubricant for textile fibers emulsifier for textile lubricants, spin finishes lubricant, antistat and antifog for plastics defoamer, dispersant, emulsifier in foods emulsifier in food pkg. in food-pkg. adhesives... 

Storage Store in closed container ambient temps. avoid high humidity Uses Colorant in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, eye use pigment in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings, paper/paperboard in contact with dry food, molded food-contact melamine-formaldehyde resins... 

Properties Sp.gr. 0.96 m.p. 48 C nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses W/o emulsifier, dispersant, antistat for textiles, paper processing, cutting oils, polishes, emulsion cleaners, rubber latexes, wool lubricants plasticizer for cellulosics diluent in food colorants emulsifier, emollient, opacifier, and bodying agent for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, lotions defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings in... 

Definition Mixture of laurate esters of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydrides, with 4 moles ethylene oxide Properties HLB 13.3 nonionic Toxicology Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal, intravenous routes mildly toxic by ingestion skin irritant TSCA listed Uses Emulsifier for PVC polymerization solubilizer for colorants dye leveling agent emulsifier, solubilizer, wetting agent for cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals corrosion inhibitor antistat, fiber lubricant for textiles in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings... 

Uses Emulsifier, solubilizer, lubricant for flavors, vitamins, textiles, household formulations, suppositories (pharmaceuticals), emulsion polymerization, hydraulic fluids, metal treatment, paints color dispersant for plastics, cosmetics, leather emulsifier in cosmetics lubricant for fibers antistat stabilizer vise, modifier suspending agent in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings... 

Uses Coupling agent, solvent, vehicle, diluent, carrier for flavors, fragrance oils, sol. colorants, vitamins, medicinals, cosmetics emollient for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, creams/lotions, makeup food additive, emulsifier, stabilizer, defoamer cosolvent for toiletries in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings in paper/paperboard in contact with aq./fatty foods defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in food-contact textiles Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 172.856, 173.340, 175.300, 176.170, 176.210, 177.2800 Manuf./Distrib. ASiE Connock http //www.connockco.uk, Ashland http //www. ashchem. com M M P http //www.mmpinc.com-, Mosselman NV http //www.mosselman.be Trade Name Synonyms Aldo DC [Lonza http //www.ionza.com]-, Calgene CC-22 t[Lambent Tech, http //www.petroferm.com], Calgene CC-22-S f[Lambent Tech. http //www.petroferm.com]-, Calplex CC-221 t[Lambent Tech, http //www.petroferm.com], Captex 200 [ABITEC http //www.abiteccorp.com]... 

Uses Inj. molding and extrusion resin for cosmetic pkg., fan blades, toys and games, business machines, interior refrigerator parts, medical parts, beverage tumblers, food containers, tableware, dinnerware, containers, automotive parts, cassettes PVC modifier and processing aid color cone, carrier in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings plasticizer in food-contact rubber articles for repeated use... 

Chapter 5 describes the use of polymeric food additives such as colorants, antioxidants, nonnutritive sweeteners, nonnutritive hydrocolloids, animal feed additives, as well as indicators and biosensors in foods. Polymeric food additives are to enhance food quality, to preserve and enhance food flavor, taste, and appearance without affecting food nutritional value. They are substances other than basic foodstuffs, which exhibit their functions prior to consumption of the food products, either acting as aids in the manufacture, preservation, coloration, and stabilization of food products, or serving to improve the biological value of certain foods. 

Coupling with various sulfonate salts produced a host of polymeric azo dyes. Some of these dyes may be used as food colorants.The polymer may in turn be used as the electron rich aromatic moiety and coupled with diazonium salts. Polymers of N-ethyl-N-(2-methac-ryloylethyl)aniline have been so converted and the resulting dyes act as color pH indicators which may be used in flow through column processes.3 Poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene) has been coupled with... 

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