Polymeric dyes

Use of Sephadex Gels with Aqueous Pyridine Solvent to Determine Purity Levels of Hydrophilic Polymeric Dyes Containing Hydrophobic Impurities... 

Then each impurity was added to separate solutions of 1 g/dl polymeric dye so that the impurity concentrations were identical to those of the first solutions. This spiked dye was also chromatographed, and the two traces compared. 

Figure 1. Chromophore (A) and polymeric backbone structures (B) used for synthesis of the polymeric dye...

A reliable chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitative aneilysis of hydrophobic impurities in water-soluble polymeric dyes. The method utilizes both the molecular sieve effect of normal gel permeation chromatography and solute-column packing interaction, modified by solvent composition. This method eliminates the need to extract the impurities from the polymeric dye with 100 extraction efficiency, as would be required for an ordinary liquid chromatographic analysis. 

Water-soluble polymeric dyes have been prepared from water-insoluble chromophores, viz., anthraquinone derivatives. Unreacted chromophore and its simple derivatives, which are all water-insoluble, remain in solution due to solubilization by the polymeric dye. A method has been developed to separate and quantitate the polymeric dye and these hydrophobic impurities using Sephadex column packing. The solvent developed has the property of debinding the impiirities from the polymer, and further allows a separation of the imp irities into discrete species. This latter separation is based on the functional groups on the impurity molecules, having a different interaction with the Sephadex surface in the presence of this solvent. The polymer elutes at the void volume... 

Figure 4. Recovery experiments for OH AMP at 110, 50, and 20 ppm in the absence (-----) and presence (-----) of polymeric dyes (1 g/dL) (ordinate absorb-...

Decolorization of polymeric dyes Poly R-478 (polyanthraquinone-based) and Poly S-l 19 (azo dye) by immobibzed white rot fungus Crysosporium lignorum CL1 on circular plastic packing material in 2L air-lift fermenter was studied by Buckley and Dobson [47]. They also examined the relationship between polymeric dye decolorization and the production of LiP and MnP activity in its statistically growth... 

The dye Poly R-478 was decolorized to a much greater extent and at slightly faster rate when the culture was supplemented with Mn(II), while the opposite was obtained for Poly S-119. They found a correlation between polymeric dye decolor-ization and peroxidative activity of fungus under static or immobilized condition in air-lift bioreactor. Immobilized culture produced LiP and MnP enzymes over a longer time than static cultures. 

Buckley KF, Dobson ADW (1998) Extracellular ligninolytic enzyme production and polymeric dye decolourization in immobilized cultures of Chrysosporium lignorum CL1. Biotechnol Lett 20 301-306... 

If polymeric dyes are also taken into consideration, the energy gap AE can range from tenths of an eV to several eV. While the primary quantum efficiency rj may reach values of the order of unity, we can also have weak field-dependent values. 

Polymeric dyes, such as the polymeric phthalocyanines, become more conducting as the degree of polymerization increases. This is demonstrated in Fig. 5 for polymeric Fe- and Co-polyphthalocyanines 65>. 

Whereas in good-conducting doped or polymeric dyes ft-or -type conductivity can be explained without difficulty by analogy with inorganic semiconductors, the p- and -type photoconductivity in insulating (intrinsic) dye films cannot be explained in this manner. It is necessary to take into consideration the existence of defect states (lattice defects, dislocations, impurities etc.) distributed at different depths in the forbidden zone between valence and conduction band these defect states are able to trap electrons and holes, respectively, with different probability 10,11,88),... 

In the photopolymer systems studied by Chen (17) it is likely that the a-amino radical produced in the quenching process is the species which initiates chain polymerization. Dye photo-bleaching then occurs by a disproportionation process. 

Basic azines are predominantly of historical interest. Yellow, red, brown, blue, and black shades can be obtained with these dyes. Today, Nigrosine Spirit Soluble is still used in shoe polish and creme. The sulfonated variety is applied as a leather dye. It is a polymeric dye containing phenazine ring systems, similar to Aniline Black. C.I. SolventBlack 5, 50415 [11099-03-9] (Nigrosine, spirit-soluble) C.I. Solvent Black 7, 50415 1 [8005-02-5] (4) is the free base. 

These dyes were very popular initially until the mid-1900s and are still commonly applied. Aniline black, discovered by J. Lightfoot (1863), is the oldest known oxidation dye. The polymeric dye is obtained by impregnating the hair with aniline hydrochloride and oxidizing with sodium chlorate in the presence of copper and/ or vanadium salt as catalyst at pH 1-2. Aniline black, C.I. Oxidation Base 1, 50440 [13007-86-8] (1) has a polymeric structure. 

Synthesizing blacks such as C.I. Oxidation Base 10, 76060 13007-86-8] (C.I. Developer 13 ) is very complex and depends on the oxidation conditions. The first step with / -phenylenediamine is oxidation top-benzoquinoncdiim incs, then to a trinuclear species called Bandorowski s base (2). The final polymeric dye structure is unknown. 

Moreira MT, Palma C, Mielgo I et al (2001) In vitro degradation of a polymeric dye (Poly R-478) by manganese peroxidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 75 362-368... 

Polymeric dye decolorizing isolate for wastewater treatment, extracellular enzymes... 

Newcol. [Nippon Nyukazai] Ethoxylated ethers or esters emulsifier, stabilizer, dispersant, antistat, corrosion inhibitor, wetting agent, lubricant, detergent, penetrant for emulsion polymerization, dyes, detergents, agric. chemicals, machine oils, textiles. 

Many dyes are too small to be retained by a UF membrane. Exceptions include polymeric dyes and indigo the latter has a low molecular weight (262 dal-tons) but can be retained by a 50,000 MWCO membrane, when in the oxidized state due to its insolubility in water. 

UF has also been evaluated52 as a method for purification of polymeric dyes made by the attachment of an azo-chromophore onto a polymeric backbone. This is particularly important when these dyes are used as food colorants. The low molecular weight species and oligomers must be removed to ensure that the product will be nonabsorbable following ingestion. 

A polymeric dye with structure (30) (Table 3) has been found to be an optical sensitizer <76AHC(19)123>. Thienopyrrolopyrroles (13) (Table 2) are considered as intermediates for agrochemicals, drugs, and conductor materials <89JAP(K)6786>. 

In the case of polymeric dye assemblies, one observes several complex, ill-understood fluorescence phenomena. Very often it is observed that monomeric and dimeric aromatic dyes fluoresce strongly, whereas the fluorescence in large... 

---