Household formulations

Ammonium and alkanolamine alcohol sulfates are used in household formulations in light-duty liquids, manual dishwashing detergents, and liquid house-... 

This ESI(+) TIC, however, is dominated by strong and broad signals that eluted between 17 and 31 min, neither observable under APCI(+/—) nor ESI(-) conditions. Even under gradient RP-C18 conditions a strong tailing effect was observed while isocratic RP-C18 failed. The information obtained by ESI—LC—MS(+) was that the compounds could be ionised in the form of [M]+ ions at m/z 230, 258 and 286. ESI-LC-MS-MS(+) resulted in product ion spectra which, by means of a MS-MS library, were found to be characteristic for the amphoteric amine oxide surfactants. These compounds not yet observed in household formulations will be presented later on with the RIC of LC separation (cf. Fig. 2.5.11(d)). After identification as amine oxides, the separation and detection of this compound mixture now could be achieved by an isocratic elution using a PLRP-column and methane sulfonic acid and ESI(+) ionisation with the result of sharp signals (RT = 4-6 min) as presented in Fig. 2.5.11(d). 

The prediction that LC-MS will become a powerful tool in the detection, identification and quantification of polar compounds such as surfactants in environmental analysis as well as in industrial blends and household formulations has proven to be true. This technique is increasingly applied in substance-specific determination of surfactants performed as routine methods. From this it becomes obvious that no other analytical approach at that time was able to provide as much information about surfactants in blends and environmental samples as that obtainable with MS and MS-MS coupled with liquid insertion interfaces. 

As esters, SMEs can be hydrolysed under certain conditions. In the pH range 5-9, SMEs are very stable, even at temperatures close to their boiling points but, as pH moves outside the optimum, hydrolysis rates increase. In the great majority of personal care and household formulations, hydrolysis is not an issue. 

Is a W/0 emulsifier which is used in household formulations. It also functions as a fiber-to-metal lubricant for synthetic and cellulosic fibers and yarns. 

Exact dates of first usage of PBO in household formulations are unclear. However the following products are known from the 1950s and 1960s. Some examples are showm in Table 17.1. 

A further microencapsulated pet and household formulation containing 0.11% pyrethrins, 0-22% PBO and 0.37% MGK 264 can be used for the control of fleas anti ticks indoors as well as applied directly to the pel. 

Solvents are not, as a class, very odiferous materials and few can be detected at much below a 1 ppm level unlike mercaptans (which can be smelt at the low ppb level), sulphides and aldehydes. The latter are often detectable in solvents that have been recovered and recycled and make such recovered solvents unacceptable for use in household formulations. 

Fatty acid ethanolamides and isopropanolamides are solid or waxy products insoluble in water. Diethanolamides are usually pastes or liquids and show better dispersibility in water. In institutional and household formulations, shampoos, bath and shower preparations, fatty alkanolamides play the role of foam stabiliser, thickener, corrosion inhibitor, and ancillary agent that improves the skin compatibility of anionic surfactants. Undecylenic ethanolamide and undecylenic diethanolamide act as fungicides also [47]. Use of diethanolamine derivatives has legislative limitations today in some countries (but not its amides) because they are proved to be precursors of carcinogenic nitrosoamines. The probability of the nitrosoamine formation is assumed to increase in the presence of formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing preservatives [44-46]. 

Uses Detergent, emulsifier, leveling agent, intermediate for cosmetics, household formulations, silicone emulsification, textile processing coating material for foam suppressant, enzymes, etc. dyeing auxiliaries in food-contact textiles Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 177.2800... 

Uses Emulsifier, solubilizer, lubricant for flavors, vitamins, textiles, household formulations, suppositories (pharmaceuticals), emulsion polymerization, hydraulic fluids, metal treatment, paints color dispersant for plastics, cosmetics, leather emulsifier in cosmetics lubricant for fibers antistat stabilizer vise, modifier suspending agent in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings... 

Provides thickening and foam stabilization in many cosmetic, industrial and household formulations. 

Atlas Chemicals (ICI) can provide a kit with the typical surface agents in the whole range of the HLB scale. Generally, these materials are too expensive for household formulations, but they can be very useful for determining the required HLB of the emulsion. 

Polyoxyethylene ester surfactants are used in both industrial and household formulations. Specific end-use product areas include textile scouring agents, softening agents, dye assistants, and lubricants emulsions and wettable powders used in agricultural pest control and home floor, rug, and wall cleaners, as well as laundering and dishwashing compositions. Specific formulations for such products can be found in the literature (3). 

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