Animal feed additive

A/-(P-hydroxy)ethyl- aceto acetamide [24309-97-5] mp 35—40 animal feed additive... 

Bacitracin. Bacitracin, a cycHc peptide active against gram-positive bacteria, was discovered in 1943. Bacitracin received dmg certification in 1949 (60—62). Whereas human usage of bacitracin is almost exclusively topical, the vast majority of bacitracin manufactured worldwide is used as an animal feed additive. Reviews of work on bacitracin include its chemistry (63—67), comprehensive aspects (62), medical aspects (62,68), biosynthesis on large enzyme complexes and genetics (69—71), and production (71,72). 

The commercial uses of arsenic compounds in 1988, measured in terms of elemental arsenic, are wood (qv) preservatives, 69% agricultural products (herbicides (qv) and desiccants (qv)), 23% glass (qv), 4% nonferrous alloys and electronics, 2% and animal feed additives and pharmaceuticals (qv), 2% (see Feeds AND feed additives). Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) [11125-95-4] is the most widely used arsenic-based wood preservative. The Environmental Protection Agency has, however, restricted the use of arsenical wood preservatives to certified appHcators. 

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, members of the vitamin B group and used as additives for flour and bread enrichment, and as animal feed additive among other applications, are made to the extent of 24 million pounds (nearly 11 million kilograms) per year throughout the world. Nicotinic acid (pyridine-3-caiboxylic acid), also called niacin, has many uses. See also Niacin. Nicotinic acid is made by the oxidation of 3-picolme or 2-mcthyl-5-cthylpyridine (the isocinchomcnc acid produced is partially deearboxylated). Alternatively, quinoline (the intermediate quinolinic acid) is partially deearboxylated with sulfuric add in the presence of selenium dioxide at about 300° C or with nitric acid, or by electrochemical oxidation. Nicotinic acid also can be made from 3-picoline by catalytic ammoxidation to 3-cyanopyridine, followed by hydrolysis. 

Figure 1 is the ultraviolet spectrum of a 10 mcg/ml solution of vitamin D3 in methanol. The spectrum was obtained using a Cary Model 219 recording spectrophotometer (Varian Instrument Co., Palo Alto, CA). Vitamin D3 and related compounds have a characteristic UV absorption maximum at 265 nm and a minimum at 228 nm. The extinction coefficient at 265 nm is about 17,500 and 15,000 at 254 nm. An index of purity of vitamin D3 is a value of 1.8 for the ratio of the absorbance at 265 to that at 228 nm. The high absorbance at 254 nm enables one to use the most common and sensitive spectrophotometric detector used in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the analysis of vitamin D3 in multivitamin preparations, fortified milk, other food products, animal feed additives etc. 

Figure 12.9 Major organoarsenic animal feed additives. Arsanilic acid and Roxarsone are used to control swine dysentery and increase the rate of gain relative to the amount of feed in swine and chickens. Carbarsone and nitarsone (4-nitrophenylarsanilic acid) act as antihistomonads in chickens.

Organoarsenic compounds are used as animal feed additives. The major organoarsenic feed additives and their uses are summarized in Figure 12.9. 

The uses of lignosulfonates include the manufacture of binders, adhesives, surfactants, animal feed additives, and vanilla. 

The development of a novel production system for D-pantoyl lactone (which is a lactone compound carrying a chiral hydroxy group and a chiral intermediate for the commercial production of D-pantothenate) by microbial asymmetric reduction has been undertaken. D-pantothenate is mainly used in various pharmaceutical products and as an animal feed additive, the current world production of calcium pantothenate being about 6,000 tons per year. Conventional commercial production of D-pantoyl lactone has depended exclusively on chemical synthesis involving optical resolution of a chemically synthesized racemic pantoyl lactone, which is the most troublesome step of the pantothenate synthesis process. 

The worldwide amino acids market amounts to about 5 billion. MSG and the animal feed additives, methionine and lysine, account for about 75 percent of this sales value. The other amino acids are used as precursors in pharmaceuticals, food additives, and animal feed. The worldwide demand for glutamic acid is about 800,000 tons/year, 300,000 tons/year for methionine, and 500,000 tons/year for lysine. Other significant amino acids such as aspartic acid, phenylalanine, threonine, and glycine, each have a worldwide market of about 10,000-20,000 tons/ year. Tryptophan and cysteine command a global market in the thousands of tons as well. 

R)-Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is synthesized by microbes and plants, but not by mammals, who require it as a nutritional factor. Only the (R)-enantiomer is physiologically active. (R)-Pantothenic acid is produced as its calcium salt on a 6 kt a-1 scale, 80% of which is applied as an animal feed additive major suppliers are Roche, Fuji and BASF. Pantothenic acid is produced via chemical methods [110] but a fermentative procedure has recently been commercialized. 

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential nutritional factor for humans (0.3-1.8 mg d-1) and animals (1-4 mg (kg diet)-1), who need it as a precursor for fla-voproteins [135]. It is produced at a volume of approx. 3 kt a-1, mainly as an animal feed additive. Approx. 300 t a-1 is used as a food additive and food colorant (E-101) and the remainder (500 t a-1) is used in pharmaceutical applications. Major producers are Roche (Switzerland), BASF (Germany), Archer-Daniels-Midland (USA) and Takeda (Japan). Microbial and chemical production have coexisted for many years but the latter has recently been phased out [136]. 

Avoparcin Streptomyces Candidas Animal feed additive... 

Separation The mash is now ready for distillation. A simple one step stripper distillation separates the liquid from the solids. The residue of this distillation is a slurry comprising microbial biomass and water, called stillage. It is removed to prevent clogging problems during the next step, fractionated distillation. It is often used to produce secondary products, such as animal feed additives or seasonings or it is converted to methane and burned as an energy source. 

The fats and oils produced from the rendering process provide a concentrated source of energy for use in animal feeds. Addition of fat in feeds also reduces dustiness of the feed and makes it more palatable. Fats and oils also provide important... 

The major use of arsenic is for agricultural pesticides, wood preservatives and animal feed additives. 

Estimated end-use distribution of arsenic in the United States was 70% (16,000 tons as elemental arsenic) in industrial chemicals (mainly as wood preservatives), 22% (5200 tons) in agricultural chemicals (mainly as herbicides and desiccants), 4% (900 tons) in glass manufacture, 3% (700 tons) in nonferrous alloys and 1% (300 tons) for other purposes (animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals etc.) in 1989. Estimated end-use of arsenic in Japan was 35% (230 tons) for refining of zinc, 34% (220 tons) for glass manufacture, 15% (100tons) for electronics as ultrapure arsenic metal and 15% (lOOtons) for wood preservatives and agricultural chemicals in 1988. 

A small amount of organoarsenicals is used for animal feed additives. Four arsenic compounds are now used in animal husbandry (5 8) in the USA. The heterocycle 10,10 -oxybisphenoxarsine (9) is manufactured and marketed as an antimicrobial agent which is particularly useful in conjunction with plastics. These organoarsenicals are shown in Figure 2. 

Neldner KH. Contact dermatitis from animal feed additives. Arch Dermatol 1972 106(5) 722-3. 

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