Polyethylene terephthalate polyester resin

PS PSF PSU PTFE PU PUR PVA PVAL PVB PVC PVCA PVDA PVDC PVDF PVF PVOH SAN SB SBC SBR SMA SMC TA TDI TEFE TPA UF ULDPE UP UR VLDPE ZNC Polystyrene Polysulfone (also PSU) Polysulfone (also PSF) Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyurethane Polyurethane Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl butyrate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl chloride-acetate) Poly(vinylidene acetate) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Styrene-butadiene copolymer Styrene block copolymer Styrene butadiene rubber Styrene-maleic anhydride (also SMC) Styrene-maleic anhydride (also SMA) Terephthalic acid (also TPA) Toluene diisocyanate Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Terephthalic acid (also TA) Urea formaldehyde Ultralow-density polyethylene Unsaturated polyester resin Urethane Very low-density polyethylene Ziegler-Natta catalyst... 

TABLE 2.11 Typical Properties of Unfilled Polyethylene terephthalate) (PET), Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), and Poly(butylene terephthalate (PBT) Solid-State Polyester Resins... 

Both terephthalic acid (TPA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) are used exclusively for the manufacture of polyesters for textile fibers (e.g,. Dacron ), films, soft-drink bottles, and engineering resins for automotive applications. The glycol used for most TPA-based polyesters is ethylene glycol. The polyester is then known as polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. 

Polyesters, which are a class of engineering thermoplastics, are found in a wide variety of applications including carbonated drink bottles, fibers for synthetic fabrics, thin films for photographic films and food packaging, injection molded automotive parts, and housings for small appliances. In this chapter, we svill explore the synthesis of this class of polymers. We will also look at the typical properties and end uses for the most common of these resins, polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, which are commonly known as PET and PBT, respectively. 

PBT resin has been reviewed in many articles, often as part of a larger review of polyesters [1-3], A recent article provides an historic account of polyester development as an alternative to nylon fibers [4], while the review of Kirsch and Williams in 1994 gives a business perspective on polyesters [5], However, an understanding of PBT in the context of the more common polyester polyethylene terephthalate) (PET) is often overlooked. PET dominates the large volume arenas... 

It should be taken into account that all of the aspects described above are of a general nature and therefore more or less valid for any kind of industrially relevant polyester resin. Upon closer examination, the experiences gained with PET are particularly applicable to poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and polyethylene naphthalate) (PEN). These polymers have gained major industrial importance as a result of a number of different properties in comparison with PET. 

Since the early 1970s p-xylene has grown to become a large volume petrochemical. It is used primarily for the production of polyester fibers, films and resins, such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate) [7]. Demand for p-xylene has increased tenfold since 1970 to about 26xl0 t/year. Almost all of this additional production has been by the UOP Parex process as shown in Figure 7.1. A baseline production ofp-xylene is maintained by crystallization based sites that existed before the SMB adsorptive separation technology was established [8]. 

Tartaric acid-glycerol polyesters were reported in 1847 by Berzelius [13] and those of ethylene glycol and succinic acid were reported by Lorenzo in 1863 [14]. Carothers and Van Natta [15] extended much of the earlier work and helped clarify the understanding of the polyesterification reaction in light of the knowledge of polymer chemistry at their time. Polyethylene terephthalate [16, 17] and the polyadipates [18] (for polyurethane resins) were the first major commercial application of polyesters. 

PBDEs are used in different resins, polymers, and substrates at levels ranging from 5 to 30% by weight (EU 2001). Plastic materials that utilize PBDEs as flame retardants include ABS polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polyamide(PA) polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polyethylene (PE) cross-linked polyethylene (XPE) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polypropylene (PP) polystyrene (PS) high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polyurethane (PUR) and unsaturated polyester (UPE). These polymers and examples of their final products are summarized inTable 5-2 (Hardy 2002 WHO 1994a). 

Most polyesters (qv) are based on phthalates. They are referred to as aromatic-aliphatic or aromatic according to the copolymerized diol. Thus polyethylene terephthalate) [25038-59-9] (PET), poly(butyelene terephthalate) [24968-12-5] (PBT), and related polymers are termed aromatic-aliphatic polyester resins, whereas poly(bisphenol A phthalate)s are called aromatic polyester resins or polyarylates PET and PBT resins are the largest volume aromatic-aliphatic products. Other aromatic-aliphatic polyesters (65) include Eastman Kodak s Kodar resin, which is a PET resin modified with isophthalate and dimethylolcyclohexane. Polyarylate resins are lower volume specialty resins for high temperature (HDT) end uses (see HEAT-RESISTANT polymers). 

Terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate are used to produce polyester fibers, polyester resins, and polyester film. Terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate is usually reacted with ethylene glycol to give polyethylene terephthalate) but sometimes it is combined with 1,4-butanediol to yield poly (butylene terephthalale). Polyester fibers are used in the textile industry. Films find applications as magnetic tapes, electrical insulation, photographic film, packaging, and polyester bottles. 

Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) is produced either by the esterification of terephthalic acid or the esterification of monomethyl terephthalate produced by oxidation of methyl p-toluate. DMT is consumed in the production of polyethylene terephthalate, the polymer used in the manufacture of polyester fibers, films and bottle resins. Terephthalic acid (TPA) is also used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate but does not consume methanol. Since TPA is continuing to increase its share of the market, DMT is expected to exhibit slower growth than the overall market for polyethylene terephthalate. 

Polyethylene terephthalate cannot be solvent-cemented or heat-welded. Adhesives are the prime way of joining PET to itself and to other substrates. Only solvent cleaning of PET surfaces is recommended as a surface treatment. The linear film of polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) provides a surface that can be pretreated by alkaline etching or plasma for maximum adhesion, but often a special treatment such as this is not necessary. An adhesive for linear polyester has been developed from a partially amidized acid from a secondary amine, reacted at less than stoichiometric with a DGEB A epoxy resin, and cured with a dihydrazide.72... 

Polyesters Right now, you are probably using at least five things that are made from polyesters. Your clothes probably have some Dacron polyester fiber in them, and they are almost certainly sewn with Dacron thread. Ancient computers used floppy disks made of Mylar , and the optical film in your DVD is made of Mylar . Some of the electronics in your cell phone are probably potted (covered and insulated from shock) in Glyptal polyester resin. The soft drink in your hand probably came in a plastic bottle that was blow-molded from polyethylene terephthalate) resin, better known as PET. 

Terephthalic Acid (Dimethyl Terephthalate). Terephthalic acid (TPA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) are precursors for polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which in turn is used in the production of polyester fibers and film polyester thermoplastic PET bottles, and other resins. In 1999 the total U.S. production was more than 9 billion lb. In the past, the relative ease of producing high-quality DMT gave it the largest share of the terephthalate market. The trend is now toward TPA, as the result of technological advances that permit better purification of TPA and the use of the acid directly in polymer formation. The capacity is about 3 to 1 split in favor of TPA process. 

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) A plastic resin of the polyester family and one of the most common thermoformed plastics. Plastic soda bottle are a common PET product. PET is also fully recyclable. 

Application Production of polymer-grade terephthalic acid (MTA). MTA is an excellent raw material to produce polyethylene tereph-thalate resin (PET), which is used for engineering plastics, packaging materials—like bottles and other food containers—as well as films. Also, integrated polyester producers use MTA to make various types of fibers. 

Acetic acid is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of products including adhesives, polyester fibres, plastics, paints, resins and solvents. About 40% of the acetic acid made industrially is used in the manufacture of vinyl acetate monomer for the plastics industry other large uses are to make cellulose acetate, a variety of acetate esters that are used as solvents, as well as monochloracetic acid, a pesticide. Acetic acid is also used as a solvent for the oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid, a precursor to the important polyester, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). A minor, but important use is as non-brewed condiment, a vinegar substitute widely used in British fish and chip shops this is made using food-grade industrial acetic acid and is less expensive than fermentation vinegar. 

Alkyd resins have been the workhorse for the coatings industry over the last half century. The term alkyd was coined to define the reaction product of polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids, in other words, polyesters. However, its definition has been narrowed to include only those polyesters containing monobasic acids, usually long-chain fatty acids. Thus thermoplastic polyesters typified by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) used in synthetic fibers, films, and plastics and unsaturated polyesters typified by the condensation product of glycols and unsaturated dibasic acids (which are widely used in conjunction with vinylic monomers in making sheet molding compounds or other thermosetting molded plastics) are not considered as part of the alkyd family and are beyond the scope of the present discussion. 

Use Polyester resins for film and fiber production, especially polyethylene terephthalate intermediate. 

Sloane, Boerio and Koenig, and McGraw have described the sampling and other instrumental considerations for Raman spectra of polymers (144). Other reports on Raman investigations of polymers include molecular orientation in bulk polyethylene terephthalate (145). crystallinity of ethylene-propylene rubber (146). and the structure of unsaturated polyester resins cross-linked with styrene (147). 

Between 1930 and the onset of World War II (WWII) in 1939, several polymer families were invented and commercially developed through bulk processes. The most important ones include low density polyethylene (LDPE), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyurethanes (PU), poly(tetra-fluoro ethylene) (PTFE), polyamides (PAs), and polyesters (PEs). The last three are attributed to Dupont s scientists Roy Plunkett and Wallace Carothers, respectively. During WWll, bulk polymerization was still instrumental in the development and commercialization of new families of PEs such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) developed by ICI and Dupont and unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) [1, 6-8]. 

This chapter covers fundamental and applied research on polyester/clay nanocomposites (Section 31.2), which includes polyethylene terephthalate (PET), blends of PET and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxy-late) (PEN), and unsaturated polyester resins. Section 31.3 deals with polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP)-montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, including blends of low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), and high density polyethylene (HDPE). Section 31.4 analyzes the fire-retardant properties of nanocomposites made of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), layered clays, and nonhalogenated additives. Section 31.5 discusses the conductive properties of blends of PET/PMMA (poly (methyl methacrylate)) and PET/HDPE combined with several types of carbon... 

Unsaturated polyesters are produced in the form of dissolved resins in polymerizable monomers (usually styrene). They are also known in the form of molding resins or as hardened products. One should distinguish between them and the saturated aliphatic and aromatic polyesters. Among the latter are polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate. 

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