Historical accounts

The appropriate quantum mechanical operator fomi of the phase has been the subject of numerous efforts. At present, one can only speak of the best approximate operator, and this also is the subject of debate. A personal historical account by Nieto of various operator definitions for the phase (and of its probability distribution) is in [27] and in companion articles, for example, [130-132] and others, that have appeared in Volume 48 of Physica Scripta T (1993), which is devoted to this subject. (For an introduction to the unitarity requirements placed on a phase operator, one can refer to [133]). In 1927, Dirac proposed a quantum mechanical operator tf), defined in terms of the creation and destruction operators [134], but London [135] showed that this is not Hermitean. (A further source is [136].) Another candidate, e is not unitary. 

An extremely readable historic account describing in more detail the chemistry and the chemists involved in the discovery of Diels-Alder reaction has been published recently by Berson. ... 

A historical account of the analysis of skunk scent and a modern determination of its composition appear in the March 1978 issue of the Jour nal of Chemical Education... 

An excellent historical account of the beginning of transmission electron microscopy in North America is available (22). 

A historical account of the development of organic nomenclature from the time preceding the Geneva Conference to faidy recent times is available... 

Ilyoscyamus niger. Leaves, 0-045 to 0-08 roots, 0-16 seeds, 0-06 to 0-1 tops, 0-07 to 0-1. Chiefly hyoscyamine with some atropine and hyoscine cj. Sievers and Lowman, Allan. A historical account of this drug has been published by Hocking. ... 

Raymond-Hamet has published, with a bibliography, a critical historical account of the botany and chemistry of pereiro bark, the botanical source of which he suggests should be named Geissospermum Iceve (Vellozo) Baillon. There seems to be some doubt as to whether vellosine was actually obtained from this species. 

Barbituric acid was first prepared in 1864 by Adolf von Baeyer (page 112). A historical account of his work and the later development of barbiturates as sedative-hypnotics appeared in the October 1951 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education (pp. 524-526). 

Arnon, D. I., 1984. The discovery of photosyntlietic phosphorylation. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 9 258-262. A historical account of photophosphorylation by its discoverer. 

General accounts of prototropic tautomerism have been presented by Ingold and Baker" these include an outline of the historical development of the subject in which heteroaromatic compounds are discussed incidentally, and, therefore, such a historical account will not be given here. Of historical interest are Eistert s book on tautomerism and mesomerism which was published in 1938, a review on — NH-CO— tautomerism by Arndt and Eistert published in 1938, and Heller s account of heterocyclic tautomerism which appeared in 1925. Although more recent works on heterocyclic chemistry (e.g., references 9-11) have dealt incidentally with tautomerism, no unified... 

For a detailed account of the work on gas hydrates and references prior to 1925 the reader is referred to Schrdder s historical account of this subject,40 while later references are given in von Stackelberg s papers.4 49... 

Shimomura, O. (2005b). Aequorin and GFP an historical account. In Tsuji, A., et al. (eds.), Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence, Progress and Perspectives, pp. 27-34. World Scientific, Singapore. 

The future is an extension of the past. The author believes that the process of the progress made in the past is as important as the findings and discoveries for the planning of future research. For this reason, a substantial weight is placed on describing historical accounts. Such information would also help researchers to get some idea of the effort that might be needed to isolate and identify a new luciferin. 

With the usual type of dibasic acid the equilibrium constant for the second step is always smaller than that for the first (Kx>K2)y but the diazonium ion represents another kind of acid in which the second constant is greater than the first (K2 > Kf), Schwarzenbach (1943) was the first to discover analogous abnormal acid-base equilibria and he explained under what circumstances the phenomenon can occur (for a historical account of Schwarzenbach s work see Zollinger, 1992). 

Fused silica is manufactured in both translucent and clear, transparent forms the particular requirements govern the form to be used. The translucent variety can be obtained with a sandy, satin or glazed finish. An interesting historical account of the early work on the practical manipulation of fused silica has been given by W. A. Shenstone (1902). 

U-Th mineral isochrons to date ancient volcanic rocks and thus deduce their ( Th/ Th)o ratios at the time of eruption (if isochron ages are close to eruption ages, see section 3.5 below), or alternatively rely on samples dated by another method (e g., K-Ar, Ar-" °Ar) to recalculate their initial Th isotope ratios. On the shorter timescale covered by Ra- Th disequilibria (0-8 ka), it can be even more difficult to find a suite of well dated samples, because eruption ages should be obtained from historical accounts... 

Boyle, Robert. "From An historical account of a degradation of gold made by an anti- eleixir a strange chymical romance." In The alchemy reader, ed. Stanton J. Linden, 234-242.. ... 

Mell, C. C. (1932), A brief historical account of weld, Textile Colorist 35, 33-51. 

Brief Historical Account of Two-Photon Absorption and TT-Conjugated Systems... 

Mainly the outer membrane ferrichrome receptor and transporter FhuA will be discussed because most structural and functional studies have been performed with this protein. In fact, FhuA was the first outer membrane protein identified (called TonA), with known functions as a phage and colicin receptor, that are related to iron transport (for a historical account, see Braun and Hantke 1977). 

A more comprehensive historical account of metal complex dyes and pigments can be found in ref. 7. 

In Section 1.2, we first introduce some historical facts concerning the development of FRET and indicate how FRET is interrelated with several scientific disciplines. If one is not interested in this historical account, then you can skip to Section 1.3 without losing the thread. 

Diffusion operates along well-defined physical principles first described in 1855 by Adolf Fick and now widely known as Fick s Laws of Diffusion. Philbert5 provides a detailed explanation of the laws and a historical account of Fick. While they were designed to describe the behavior of gas molecules under ideal theoretical conditions, Fick s Laws serve reasonably well to describe a wide variety of real diffusion events. Fick wrote the laws as a set of equations in the language of calculus but these can be rephrased in plain English. 

In this chapter, we use the definitions of bond order and valence indices provided by Mayer [4-6] (for a historical account, see Ref. [6a] and for other types of bond indices, see Ref. [6b]). In terms of electronic structure theory, they represent an extension to Mulliken s population analysis. The bond order is defined as... 

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