Polyesters and polyacrylic

Uses Flexibilizer for high weatherable polyester and polyacrylate powd. coatings... 

MS has been widely used to identify the products and their formation kinetics in the degradation of filled reaction layers, e.g., phenol-formaldehyde resins [53, 54], epoxide resins, polyesters and polyacrylates [55]. 

Decabromododiphenyl Oxide—Polyacrylate Finish. This finish, effective on both polyester and nylon fabrics, is one of the most effective finishes available (ca 1993) for cotton—polyester blends (131). Relatively high cost and difficulty in appUcation may have prevented more widespread use. 

Ozonc-rcsjstant elastomers which have no unsaturation are an exceUent choice when their physical properties suit the appHcation, for example, polyacrylates, polysulfides, siHcones, polyesters, and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (38). Such polymers are also used where high ozone concentrations are encountered. Elastomers with pendant, but not backbone, unsaturation are likewise ozone-resistant. Elastomers of this type are the ethylene—propylene—diene (EPDM) mbbers, which possess a weathering resistance that is not dependent on environmentally sensitive stabilizers. Other elastomers, such as butyl mbber (HR) with low double-bond content, are fairly resistant to ozone. As unsaturation increases, ozone resistance decreases. Chloroprene mbber (CR) is also quite ozone-resistant. 

Major fiber-making polymers are those of polyesters, polyamides (nylons), polyacrylics, and polyolefins. Polyesters and polyamides are produced by step polymerization reactions, while polyacrylics and polyolefins are synthesized by chain-addition polymerization. 

Polycondensation pol5mers, like polyesters or polyamides, are obtained by condensation reactions of monomers, which entail elimination of small molecules (e.g. water or a hydrogen halide), usually under acid/ base catalysis conditions. Polyolefins and polyacrylates are typical polyaddition products, which can be obtained by radical, ionic and transition metal catalyzed polymerization. The process usually requires an initiator (a radical precursor, a salt, electromagnetic radiation) or a catalyst (a transition metal). Cross-linked polyaddition pol5mers have been almost exclusively used so far as catalytic supports, in academic research, with few exceptions (for examples of metal catalysts on polyamides see Ref. [95-98]). 

The photo-cross-linkability of a polymer depends not only on its chemical structure, but also on its molecular weight and the ordering of the polymer segments. Vinyl polymers, such as PE, PP, polystyrene, polyacrylates, and PVC, predominantly cross-link, whereas vinylidene polymers (polyisobutylene, poly-2-methylstyrene, polymethacrylates, and poly vinylidene chloride) tend to degrade. Likewise, polymers formed from diene monomers and linear condensation products, such as polyesters and polyamides, cross-link easily, whereas cellulose and cellulose derivatives degrade easily. ... 

HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HNS NTO NTO/HMX NTO/HMX NTO/HMX PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX TATB/HMX Cariflex (thermoplastic elastomer) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (polyurethane) Hydroxy-terminated polyester Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene) Nylon (polyamide) Polyester resin-styrene Polyethylene Polyurethane Poly(vinyl) alcohol Poly(vinyl) butyral resin Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Viton (fluoroelastomer) Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Cariflex (block copolymer of butadiene-styrene) Cariflex (block copolymer of butadiene-styrene) Estane (polyester polyurethane copolymer) Hytemp (thermoplastic elastomer) Butyl rubber with acetyl tributylcitrate Epoxy resin-diethylenetriamine Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene) Latex with bis-(2-ethylhexyl adipate) Nylon (polyamide) Polyester and styrene copolymer Poly(ethyl acrylate) with dibutyl phthalate Silicone rubber Viton (fluoroelastomer) Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Epoxy ether Exon (polychlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylidine chloride) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (polyurethane) Kel-F (polychlorotrifluoroethylene) Nylon (polyamide) Nylon and aluminium Nitro-fluoroalkyl epoxides Polyacrylate and paraffin Polyamide resin Polyisobutylene/Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Polyester Polystyrene Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene)... 

Diacyl peroxides are used in a broad spectmm of applications, including curing of unsaturated polyester resin compositions, cross-linking of elastomers, production of poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, and polyacrylates, and in many nonpolymeric addition reactions. 

The technical success of the UV-drying inks may be attributed to the introduction of a number of types of acrylated oligomer and photo-initiator. The broad categories of acrylated oligomers include polyesters, epoxies, urethanes, ethers, and polyacrylates. Photo-initiators generally are derived from compounds that on exposure to UV light cleave into free radicals or abstract hydrogen to form free-radical species. 

Organic peroxides are used to initiate free-radical polymerization of ethylene, butadiene, styrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and methyl methacrylate. They are also used to cure unsaturated polyesters, occasionally to cross-link thermoplastics such as polyethylene and polyacrylates, and increasingly for grafting and compatibiliza-tion of polymer blends. A variety of organic peroxides offer useful reactivity over a temperature range from 0 to 130°C or more, for different polymers and different processes. 

A reactive liquid epoxide used as an organic solvent and surfactant intermediate its polymers can be used for polyester, polyurethane, and polyacrylic resins, polyether polyols, flame-retardants, etc. 

Technology for preparing nanocomposites directly via compounding has been investigated by Vaia, Ishii, and Giannelis. Industrial R D efforts have focused on process technology (e.g., melt or monomer exfoliation processes), as there are a number of polymers (e.g., polyolefins) that do not lend themselves to a monomer process. Nanocomposites with a variety of polymers, including polyacrylates or methacrylates, polystyrene, styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy, polyester, and polyurethane, are amenable to the monomer process. The enhancement of mechanical properties, gas permeability resistance, and heat endurance are the primary objectives for the application of PCN, and their success will establish PCNs as a major commercial product. 

Bisphenol A is used as a raw material to make polycarbonate and epoxy adhesives and can coatings. It is also used in flame-retardants, in unsaturated polyesters and in polyacrylate resins. Many foodstuff containers are made of these resins, including containers for oven and microwave cooking. Recent studies have shown that bisphenol type compounds have both mutagenic and cytotoxic properties [84]. Nerin et al. developed a fast screening method based on SPME and HPLC with fluorescence detection suitable for the analysis of several bisphenol derivatives and their degradation products in aqueous canned foods such as tuna, olives and corn [85]. The best results were obtained with carbowax and PDMS/DVB fibers. The detection limits were between 0.7 and 2.4ngmL while RSDs were between 14 and 32%. After the extraction parameters were optimized, the method was applied to... 

Data have been published dealing with successful applications of HAS in stabilization of other polymers than PO elastomers, styrenic polymers, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyurethanes, linear polyesters, thermoplastic polyester elastomers, polyacrylates, epoxy resins, poly(phenylene oxide) or polysulfide [12]. In spite of their basicity, HAS may also be used for stabilization of PVC. This application includes less basic derivatives of piperidine and 1,4-dihydropyridine [12,13,145,146]. 

U.S. Pat, Nos. 6,122,877 [107] and 6,682,814 [108] (both by Andersen Corporation) disclose a cellulosic fiber-polymeric composite comprising 45-70% of thermoplastic polymers such as PVC, polyethylene and its copolymers, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polyester and their mixtures, and 30-65% of wood fiber, such as sawdust. 

Modification of Engineering Resins Specific interaction of the phosphonium ionomer from Exxpro elastomer with selected engineering resins such as Polycarbonates(PC), Polyesters(PET), Polyacrylates(PAE), Polyamides(PA), Polyphenylene Oxide(PPO), and Acetals(PAc) can be utilized to compatibilize, impact modify or nucleate the above resin in blends with similar polymers. Typical examples are ... 

Glycidyl Esters. Glycidyl ester resins were originally developed for electrical applications. Glycidyl esters of phthalic acid, hexahydro phthalic acid, terephthalic acid or trimellitic acid (e.g. Araldite PY 284, PT 910) cured with carboxy functional polyesters or polyacrylates at elevated temperatures give coating with both excellent colour stability and outdoor resistance. 

On-line coupling of pyrolysis, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry is a quick and elegant method for the qualitative detection of monomer units in many resins (e.g., polyesters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, and polyacrylates). Identification of comonomers of polyacrylates, including hydroxy-functional and carboxy-functional monomers, is facilitated if the sample is silylated before pyrolysis [10.30]. 

As a measure of the level of sophistication of the industry the types of polymers consumed was as shown in figure 2. Others are mainly engineering thermoplastics (ETP), such as nylon, polyacrylates, polyacetals, polycarbonates, polyesters, and polpropylene oxide etc... These ETP s are growing at rates up to 20%. The main uses for plastic products are computer and business machine parts as well as design engineered products. The consumption of styrenic plastics (polystyrene acrylonitrile butadiene styrene - ABS) is high, relative to polyolefins, because of their demand in electric/electronic end-uses. 

Note that Norrish-type reactions are not only of importance in relation to various polymers containing ketonic impurities, but they also play a dominant role in the photolysis of all polymers containing carbonyl groups as constituent moieties, such as polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly (vinyl acetate), polyesters, and polyamides. 

Chem. Descrip. Polyacrylate absorbed on silicon dioxide Uses In powder coatings based on epoxy, acrylate, polyester and polyurethane... 

Given that the metal surface tension was the s lme in all cases, the thermodynamic work of adhesion depends on the interphase tension and on the adhesive surface tension. In this case (see Fig. 2.22) a correlation is seen between the thermodynamic work of adhesion and the adhesion strength. This correlation was determined earlier by Lipatov and Myshko by applying the modified equation of Dupre-Young [102]. Epoxy, polyester, polyurethane, and polyacrylate adhesives were used the type of the adhesive did not have a significant effect on the correlation dependence. 

Polar, Uncharged Surfaces. Polar, uncharged surfaces include many of the synthetic polymeric materials such as polyesters, polyamides, and polyacrylates, as well as many natural materials such as cotton and silk. As a result of their surface makeup, the mechanism and extent of adsorption onto such materials is of great potential technological importance, particularly in terms of dyeing processes, waterproofing, and detergency. The mechanism of adsorption onto these surfaces can be much more complex than that of the nonpolar case discussed above, since such factors as orientation will be determined by a balance of several forces. 

It was shown that the monoacrylate derivative exists as a mixture of two isomers — aminoester (1 and aminoalcohol (II). The products obtained are efficient adhesion promoters for glass-reinforce plastics based on various binders (polyester, polyepoxide, polyacrylate) since they contain three type of functional groups — amino, methacrylate and alcohol — that allow them to enter into reactior with binder functional groups. 

This procedure provides poor reproducibility, because the pyrolysis products depend strongly on the experimental conditions, but provides a useful analytical tool in the identification of acrylic and vinylic polymers or monomer units from polyester, polyurethane, and phenolic and polyacrylate resins. 

In order for a solvent to wet a substrate, its surface energy (surface tension) must be lower than that of the substrate. Since many common substrates such as polyester, polyimide, and polyacrylate all have surface energy values around 45 dynes cm", screen printing solvents are normally chosen to have surface tension values around 40 dynes cm . In this context, it should be noted that some common laboratory contaminants, such as silicone oils, have ultralow surface energy values (<22 dynes cm ), which means they must be excluded from screen printing apparatus. 

Cleansing of materials (substrates) implies the removal of soil and stains. A wide variety of stains and substrates are encountered. For instance, textiles may be of natural origin such as cotton, wool, or natural silk, or are made of synthetic fibers, such as nylon, polyester, or polyacryl. Cotton is cellulose that has an intermediate hydrophobicity wool and natural silk are proteins, both rather hydrophobic and in most cases negatively charged. Synthetic fibers are usually polymers of which the backbone is characterized by a series of repeating units such as peptide units (in nylon), ester bonds (in polyesters), and cyan groups (in polyacryl). 

Uses intermediate in the manufacture of polymers, epoxy resins, acrylic resins, polycarbonates, fungicides, antioxidants, dyes, phenoxy, polysulfone and certain polyester resins, flame retardants and rubber chemicals component in semisynthetic waxes polycarbonate resins (60%), epoxy resins, (30%), polysulfone, polyetherimide and polyacrylate resins (10%) flame retardants (mainly tetrabromobisphenol-A), unsaturated polyester... 

The following tables and diagrams contain physical and physicochemical properties of common polymers, copolymers, and polymer blends. The materials are arranged according to increasing number of functional groups, i. e. polyolefines, vinyl polymers, fiuoropoly-mers, polyacrylics, polyacetals, polyamides, polyesters, and polymers with special functional groups [3.2-16]. 

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