Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sources

Baek, S. O., R. A. Field, M. E. Goldstone, P. W. Kirk, J. N. Lester, and R. Perry, A Review of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sources, Fate, and Behavior, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 60, 279-300 (1991a). 

Baek, S.O., Field, R.A., Goldstone, M.E., Kirk, P.W., Lester, J.N., Perry, R., 1991. A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Source, fate and behavior. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 60, 279-300. 

Weston, D.P. and Mayer, L.M. (1998a) In vitro digestive fluid extraction as a measure of the bioavailability of sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sources of variation and implications for partitioning models. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 820-829. 

Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R. Grieken, R.V. 2008. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmospheric Environment 42 2895-2921. 

Brown JN, Peacke BM (2006) Sources of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff. Sci Tot Environ 59 145... 

The next eight chapters will be devoted to the ecotoxicology of groups of compounds that have caused concern on account of their real or perceived environmental effects and have been studied both in the laboratory and in the field. These are predominantly compounds produced by humans. However, a few of them, for example, methyl mercury, methyl arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are also naturally occurring. In this latter case, there can be difficulty in distinguishing between human and natural sources of harmful chemicals. 

The largest releases of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are due to the incomplete combustion of organic compounds during the course of industrial processes and other human activities. Important sources include the combustion of coal, crude oil, and natural gas for both industrial and domestic purposes, the use of such materials in industrial processes (e.g., the smelting of iron ore), the operation of the internal combustion engine, and the combustion of refuse (see Environmental Health Criteria 202, 1998). The release of crude oil into the sea by the offshore oil industry and the wreckage of oil tankers are important sources of PAH in certain areas. Forest hres, which may or may not be the consequence of human activity, are a signihcant... 

One of the more significant classes of compounds resulting from and emitted by combustion sources include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) these species serve as nuclei for the formation of soot particles. Past studies have concluded that 85% of... 

Because process mixtures are complex, specialized detectors may substitute for separation efficiency. One specialized detector is the array amperometric detector, which allows selective detection of electrochemically active compounds.23 Electrochemical array detectors are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5. Many pharmaceutical compounds are chiral, so a detector capable of determining optical purity would be extremely useful in monitoring synthetic reactions. A double-beam circular dichroism detector using a laser as the source was used for the selective detection of chiral cobalt compounds.24 The double-beam, single-source construction reduces the limitations of flicker noise. Chemiluminescence of an ozonized mixture was used as the principle for a sulfur-selective detector used to analyze pesticides, proteins, and blood thiols from rat plasma.25 Chemiluminescence using bis (2,4, 6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate was used for the selective detection of catalytically reduced nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust.26... 

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment is of obvious concern and, apart from specific occupational environments, human exposure to these compounds derives from combustion products released into the atmosphere. Estimates of the total annual benzo[aJpyrene emissions in the United States range from 900 tons (19) to about 1300 tons (20). These totals are derived from heat and power generation (37-38%), open-refuse burning (42-46%), coke production (15-19%) and motor vehicle emissions (1-1.5%) (19,20). Since the vast majority of these emissions are from stationary sources, local levels of air pollution obviously vary. Benzo[aJpyrene levels of less than 1 pg/1,000 m correspond to clean air (20). At this level, it can be estimated that the average person would inhale about 0.02 pg of benzo[aJpyrene per day, and this could increase to 1.5 pg/day in polluted air (21). 

Human exposure to complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) occurs through inhalation of tobacco smoke and polluted indoor or outdoor air, through ingestion of certain foods and polluted water, and by dermal contact with soots, tars, and oils CO. Methylated PAH are always components of these mixtures and in some cases, as in tobacco smoke and in emissions from certain fuel processes, their concentrations can be in the same range as some unsubstituted PAH. The estimated emission of methylated PAH from mobile sources in the U.S. in 1979 was approximately 1700 metric tons (2). The occurrence of methylated and unsubstituted PAH has been recently reviewed (1, 2). In addition to their environmental occurrence, methylated PAH are among the most important model compounds in experimental carcinogenesis. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, one of... 

Committee on Pyrene and Selected Analogues, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, National Research Council. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Evaluation of Sources and Effects" National Academy Press Washington, D.C., 1983. 

NRCC (1983) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment Formation, sources, fate and effects on aquatic biota. NRCC/CNRC, Ottawa, Canada. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons together with other xenobiotics are a major source of contamination in soil, and their correct degradation is of great environment importance. 

Consequently, Europe has historically been a hotspot of environmental pressures because of the contamination caused by agricultural, municipal, and industrial activities and high population densities [5, 6], Such contamination has led to poor water quality in many European river basins [7-12], In addition, this pollution can cause the accumulation in river sediments of toxic compounds such as pesticides [13], surfactants [14], and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [15], These can in turn act as a source to biota [16] and as a potential risk for entire ecosystems [17] if the compounds bioaccumulate, and thereby enter the food chain [18],... 

In another AT study, Terrado et al. [15] characterised pollution patterns in different parts of the Ebro catchment. In the upper part of the Ebro, pollution was found to be mainly in the form of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd and Hg), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and trichlorobenzenes (TCBs). Etrophic conditions were also found. Pollution was found to source mainly from industry and urbanisation. The central Ebro was characterised by nutrient pollution such as the accumulation of Ca, Na, Mg and K, which highlighted the importance of salinisation effects from intensive irrigation and soils with high salt content. In the lower Ebro, organic [DDTs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBu)] and heavy metal (Hg, Cd, Zn and As) contamination was found to derive mainly from industrial and agricultural activities. 

Hoffman, E.J., G.L. Mills, J.S. Latimer, and J.G. Quinn. 1984. Urban runoff as a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to coastal waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 580-587. 

Johnson, A.C., PF. Larsen, D.F. Gadbois, and A.W. Humason. 1985. The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Penobscot Bay (Maine, USA) in relation to possible sources and to other sites worldwide. Mar. Environ. Res. 5 1-16. 

Semivolatile and nonvolatile compounds of interest in environmental sciences, [59] such as the larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides, [60] have been effectively addressed. It is theoretically possible to introduce reagent gases into the ion source of the mass... 

Brief details are given of a health-based standard for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, (PAHs) in air, which has been recommended to the UK Government by the Expert Panel on Air Quality. PAHs are organic compounds which are emitted from sources such as road traffic and certain industrial processes. The Panel has recommended 0.25ng/m3 measured as an annual average, suing benzo(a)pyrene as an indicator of the PAH mixture typically found in the air. 

Source and Fate of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Pearl River Delta, South China (FU Jiamo, China)... 

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