Pollutant primary sources

An industrial ecosystem with no materials input and no wastes is illustrated in Figure 19.5. The material flows within the system itself are quite high. In addition, the energy requirements of such a system can be rather high, and a key to its successful operation is often an abundant, minimally polluting primary source of energy. Such a system is an idealized one that can never be realized in practice, but it serves as a useful goal around which more-practical and achievable systems can be based. 

A primary source of environmental pollution from printing ink comes from the metal-based pigments used, as well as various resins, waxes, and drying agents that are also part of the inks. These materials are added to inks regardless of the source of the oil. As a result, petroleum inks are just as suitable for landfill disposal under U.S. EPA regulations as are vegetable oil inks. 

Carbon monoxide was discovered in 1776 by heating a mixture of charcoal and 2inc oxide. It provided a source of heat to industry and homes as a component of town gas and was used as a primary raw material in German synthetic fuel manufacture during World War II its compounds with transition metals have been studied extensively (see Carbonyls). Most recently, carbon monoxide emission from vehicle exhausts has been recognized as a primary source of air pollution (qv). 

Emissions to the atmosphere from ammonia plants include sulfur dioxide (SOj), nitrogen oxides (NOJ, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (COj), hydrogen sulfide (HjS), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, methane, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia. The two primary sources of pollutants, with typical reported values, in kilograms per ton (kg/t) for the important pollutants, are as follows ... 

There are two primary sources for aqueous pollution in this process—the condensate streams R] (1,000 kg/hr) and R2 (69,300 kg/hr). Both streams have the same supply composition, which corresponds to the solubility of benzene in water which is 1770 ppm (1.77 X10 kg bcnzcne/kg water). Consequently, they may be combined as a single stream. The target composition is 57 ppb as dictated by the VOC environmental regulations called NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System). 

Table 1 indicates primary pollutant sources and waste modes, and Table 2 indicates the primary and secondary sources and associated pollutants. The primary sources of soil contamination include land disposal of solid waste sludge and waste-water industrial activities and leakages and spills, primarily of petroleum products. The solid waste disposal sites include dumps, landfills, sanitary landfills, and secured landfills. 

PRIMARY SOURCES OF SOIL CONTAMINATION AND ASSOCIATED POLLUTANTS... 

The chemical characterization of atmospheric pollutants is of great importance for determining their primary sources, elucidating chemical reactions in the atmosphere, determining potential risk to the environment and developing a reasonable control strategy. 

Chemicals can be labeled as either a primary air pollutant or secondary air pollutant. Primary air pollutants are those such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide that enter the atmosphere directly as a result of human or natural events. Carbon monoxide s primary source in the atmosphere is the incomplete combustion of gasoline. Hundreds of different chemicals are present in gasoline. The combustion of octane, C Hj, can be used to represent the general reaction of hydrocarbons in an automobile engine to produce energy ... 

The CASTNET provides atmospheric data on the dry deposition component of total acid deposition, ground-level ozone, and other forms of atmospheric pollution. CASTNET is considered the nation s primary source for atmospheric data to estimate dry acidic deposition and to provide data on rural ozone levels. Used in conjunction with other national monitoring networks, CASTNET is used to determine the effectiveness of national emission control programs. Established in 1987, CASTNET now comprises over 70 monitoring stations across the United States. The longest data records are primarily at eastern sites. The majority of the monitoring stations are operated by EPA s Office of Air and Radiation however, approximately 20 stations arc operated by the National Park Service in cooperation with EPA. 

Sea plants, particularly kelp found in the waters around California and the Bay of Biscay, have been a source of iodine. Because of pollution, the kelp beds ill California are no longer a major source. Iodine also is found in the petroleum oil well brine of California and, in small percentages, in sodium nitrate of Chile. Die latter was once the primary source of the clement. Brines now are the major source. 

Larsen BR, Gilardoni S, Stenstrdm K, Niedzialek J, Jimenez J, Belis CA (2012) Sources for PM air pollution in the Po plain, Italy II. Probabibstic uncertainty characterization and sensitivity analysis of secondary and primary sources. Atmos Environ 50 203-213... 

Mediterranean Basin. Additional studies of the finer particle fractions and chemical characterisation will elucidate the sources and impact of particle pollution in the area. Particularly there is a lack of data on carbonaceous aerosol that organic and elemental carbon observations could help to distinguish the contribution of secondary versus primary sources. 

Breivik, K., Alcock, R., Li, Y.-F., Bailey, R.E., Fiedler, H., Pacyna, J.M., 2004. Primary sources of selected POPs Regional and global scale emission inventories. Environ. Pollut. 128, 3-16. 

However, the fact that fluorides are (i) associated with the application of some phosphate fertilisers that many leach into surface waters and shallow ground water and (ii) by-product of the phosphate fertiliser industry which are the primary sources of fluoride pollution call upon the need of receptors that are able to interact with both anions. Calix[4]pyrrole and most of the derivatives have... 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons include straight chain and branched structures. Industrial solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, and the linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) are the primary sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon pollutants. Many microorganisms utilize aliphatic hydrocarbons as carbon sources. Long-chain -alkanes are utilized more slowly due to the low bioavailability that results from their extremely low solubility in water. In contrast, short-chain rc-alkanes show a higher aqueous solubility. 

Automobiles are the primary source of air pollution in many parts of the world. The Clean Air Act was enacted in 1968 to address the issue of smog and other forms of pollution caused by automobile exhaust. This act has been amended to set new, more restrictive emission-control standards for automobiles driven in the United States. Table 2 lists the standards for pollutants in exhaust set in 1996 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

This paper reports further on the analysis of the Charles River system by a detailed qualitative examination of the organic compoimds which are present in the river sediment. This investigation of the sediment was undertaken from two points of view. First, the sediment is an obvious sink for pollutants which enter the river, and it was of interest to determine the identities of these compounds and, ultimately, their primary sources. Second, the sediment is a possible pollutant source in itself, i.e., organic compounds may be generated in the sediment by chemical or biological reactions and these would, in turn, pollute the water. In both of these cases, a comparison of the organic compounds found in the water and in the sediment would provide information on the natural processes which tend to modify the pollutant load of a body of water. 

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