Exhaust vehicle

Fig. 2. CEC methanol-fueled vehicle exhaust profile for (a) HC, hydrocarbons (b) NO and (c) CO. SoHd line represents State of California standard...

Table 8. California Light-Duty Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards...

Carbon monoxide was discovered in 1776 by heating a mixture of charcoal and 2inc oxide. It provided a source of heat to industry and homes as a component of town gas and was used as a primary raw material in German synthetic fuel manufacture during World War II its compounds with transition metals have been studied extensively (see Carbonyls). Most recently, carbon monoxide emission from vehicle exhausts has been recognized as a primary source of air pollution (qv). 

S. Subramanian, R. J. Kudla, and M. S. Chattha, Treatment of Natural Gas Vehicle Exhaust, SAE 930223, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1993. 

Cleaning solutions Tobacco smoke Air-conditioning systems Water treatment Humidifiers Disinfectants Exhaled breath Vehicle exhausts Smoking chimneys Portable heaters Tobacco smoke Gas cookers Gas and oil heaters... 

Vehicle exhausts from loading bays or diesel trucks... 

Hydrochloric add Floor and furniture polishes Vehicle exhausts Electric stencil cutting machines... 

Vinyl chloride Power stations Chimneys Vehicle exhausts Plastic PVC pipes... 

Incandescent particles from incinerators, flarestacks, chimneys Vehicle exhaust Steam pipes... 

Coal tar distillation Vehicle exhausts Petrochemicals Pesticides Herbicides Pigment and dye Pesticide and herbicide production... 

Carbon monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons G Coke ovens Incomplete combustion generally Smelting Vehicle exhausts Metal extraction and refining... 

Lead and compounds Manganese and compounds SPA Lead oxide Tetraethyl lead (TEL) Batteries Explosives and pyrotechnics Paint Pesticides Petrochemicals Printing Refineries Vehicle exhausts Batteries Catalyst Glass Paint Pyrotechnics... 

Carbon monoxide Vehicle exhaust and other combustion processes Adverse health effects... 

EEC Directive on motor vehicle exhaust emission tests... 

Catalytic Converter an air pollution abatement device that removes pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust either by oxidizing them into carbon dioxide and water or reducing them to nitrogen. A typical catalytic oxidizer for auto emission control is illustrated in the sidebar figure. 

Outdoor air is generally less polluted than the system return air. However, problems with reentry of previously exhausted air occur as a result of improperly located exhaust and intake vents or periodic changes in wind conditions. Other outdoor contamination problems include contaminants from other industrial sources, power plants, motor vehicle exhaust, and dust, asphalt vapors, and solvents from construction or renovation. Also, heat gains and losses through the building envelope due to heat conduction through exterior walls, floor, and roof, and due to solar radiation and infiltration, can be attributed to effects from external sources. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) Is one of the most widely distributed air pollutants. It Is formed by natural biological and oxidation processes, the Incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels and various Industrial processes. However, the largest Individual source of man-made emissions Is motor vehicle exhausts which account for virtually all CO emitted In some urban environments. It has been estimated that global man-made emissions range from 300-1600 million tons per year, which Is approximately 60% of the total global CO emissions (22-23). 

Catalytic treatment of motor vehicle exhaust has been applied in all passenger cars in the USA since the 1975 models. The first cars with electronic feedback systems and three-way catalysts were 1979 Volvos, sold in California. Today all new gasoline cars sold in the Western world are equipped with catalytic converters. It... 

Coal ash, coal fly ash, power station fly ash, incinerator ash, vehicle exhaust particulates, urban dust, atmospheric dust, metal smelter dust, welding dust, diesel particulates, particulates on filter media Sewage sludge, wastewater... 

In 1990, one of us, in an address at the British Association Meeting, concluded the talk on Catalysis with the cartoon shown below depicting one of the major problems that needed to be addressed in order to limit the Greenhouse Phenomenon. Could a catalyst be designed so that the emission of the greenhouse gas, C02, from the vehicle exhaust systems be eliminated by converting it to a less harmful product ... 

The CH4 emissions can reach significant values and even lead directly to a cleanup unfeasibility in certain cases, since these amounts can be close to the unburnt HC threshold imposed by Diesel Euro standards. However, even if the CH4 values do not reach the unburnt HC limit, these emissions are added in the vehicle exhaust gas and limit the global unburnt HC that the engine can release in lean conditions. Thus, with the NOxTrap, a new constraint is appearing, which will have an impact on the engine-out HC emissions during the lean conditions. As NOx emissions levels increase, CH4 emissions in rich mode increase, and it is then necessary to reduce HC emissions in lean mode to stay within the limits of the DOC conversion ability. This context is specific to... 

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