Atmospheric data

Fig. 18-14 Ice-core methane record for the past 1000 years. Plus signs are data from Eurocore in central Greenland (Blunier et ah, 1993), and open circles are data from DE08, an ice core in East Antarctica (Etheridge et ah, 1992). Dots are monthly atmospheric data from the South Pole (NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado).

Atmospheric data from Table 31.1, after no transformation. The means m and norms d have been computed column-wise, row-wise and globally over all elements of the table... 

Atmospheric data from Table 31.1, after column-centering. 

Atmospheric data from Table 31.1, after double-closure. The weights w are proportional to the row- and column-sums of the original data table. They are normalized to unit sum. 

Table 4.3 Spectral distribution of the optical solar radiation in the Earth s atmosphere. Data taken from the Smithsonian Physical Tables (1959)...

The available information has been grouped according to the obvious aqueous compartments (dissolved particulate, biota), and includes some relevant atmospheric data. In addition a division into geographical areas has been used when trying to group the data. 

Modeling studies show that Equation 2-4 should be obeyed quite closely. Tests of this equation on atmospheric data show good agreement, at least for ozone concentrations of 0.1 ppm or less. At higher ozone concentrations, deviations have been observed, although it was suggested that the method of averaging was responsible, rather than a real failure of Equation 2-4. ... 

From a fit to standard atmospheric data (4), the following parameters were determined. 

Uncertainty in Correcting Atmospheric Data. The level of uncertainty with this method can be illustrated with results from atmospheric trials (57). After 4- to 6-h samples were collected in Southern California with CO -glycerol coated annular denuders during a late fall period, the N03" recovered... 

The CASTNET provides atmospheric data on the dry deposition component of total acid deposition, ground-level ozone, and other forms of atmospheric pollution. CASTNET is considered the nation s primary source for atmospheric data to estimate dry acidic deposition and to provide data on rural ozone levels. Used in conjunction with other national monitoring networks, CASTNET is used to determine the effectiveness of national emission control programs. Established in 1987, CASTNET now comprises over 70 monitoring stations across the United States. The longest data records are primarily at eastern sites. The majority of the monitoring stations are operated by EPA s Office of Air and Radiation however, approximately 20 stations arc operated by the National Park Service in cooperation with EPA. 

CliC CLIVAR CLRTAP CM CO COADS COLA COP CORP CPI CPL CPR CRC CRF CRP CRS CSD CSIRO Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) project CLImate VARiability and predictability Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Climate Model Carbon monoxide Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set Center of the Ocean-Land-Atmosphere system study Conference of the Parties Chinese Ozone Research Program Consumer Price Index Cloud Physics Lidar Continuous Plankton Recorder program Chemical Rubber Company Cloud Radiative Forcing Conservation Reserve Program Cloud Radar System Commission on Sustainable Development Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research... 

Target elements in parentheses are for the Earth s atmosphere. Data are from Lai (1988). 

A more recent compilation of atmospheric data shows3barium concentrations in urban atmospheres of North America ranging from 2x10 to 2.8x10 pg/m with a mean concentration of 1.2x10 pg/m (Bowen 1979). In contrast, barium levels in samples from the South Pole and northern Norway were 1.6x10 and 7.3x19 pg/m, respectively (Bowen 1979). 

The relative ranking of the degree of corrosivity of different atmospheres for zinc and steel is given in Table 4.75. The corrosivity of the atmosphere in one location or another varies as much as a factor of 100 for zinc and 500 for steel. The corrosion rates of zinc in most cases are ten times lower than those of steel. The lower corrosion rates of zinc are profitably used for the protection of steel by galvanizing steel with zinc. The plot of the corrosion rate ratio of steel to zinc as a function of corrosion rate of the steel in various atmospheres (data from Table 4.75) gives a linear plot with R2 = 0.495. 

Figure 8.3. Contact angles of liquid Sn on (100) plane of diamond versus temperature in an Ar-10% H2 atmosphere. Data from work reported in (Nogi et al. 1998) [7].

While the radical number densities in the troposphere are quite small, these species are highly reactive and very important to the photochemistry. A large body of atmospheric data concerning sinks, sources, and concentrations of CH, H2C=0, CO, H2, HNOj, and others are explained by their presence, as has been shown in Sections IV.A and IV.B and will be discussed in Sections IV.E,... 

The tropospheric sulfur chemistry is different. Unlike the nitrogen and carbon chemistry, where combustion is an insignificant source, the combustion source of SO2 appears to be very important. While OH reactions can be shown to convert sulfides to SO2, it is not clear that normal atmospheric chemistry is important in the next step—the conversion of S02 to H2SO, which is then removed from the atmosphere by rainout. It has also been suggested that a large amount of SO2 is removed directly by rainout. Unfortunately we have the fewest data, both kinetic and atmospheric, on sulfur compounds. Most of the kinetic data we do have are at high temperatures, and most of the atmospheric data are for polluted environments. 

The assumption that yearly average production and loss rates at 30°N are representative of the globe. However, given the lack of atmospheric data on the southern hemisphere, quantitative predictions may not be reliable. 

Table 14-8 Change in Friction of Dichalcogenides Tested in a Steam Atmosphere (Data from Ref.21)...

The CTM forecast mode is a one-way coupling in which IFS provides the meteorological data on-line to the CTM. The main difference to CTM off-line runs is the high temporal resolution at which the CTM gets the atmospheric data. Typical frequency for the coupling is 1 h whereas the temporal frequency in off-line runs is 3-6 h. 

The high pressure adsorption of single gases and mixtures can be predicted from the low pressure (sub-atmospheric) data for the same systems. The optimum temperature for measuring the aulsorption of single gases is near their critical temperature where both the Henry s constant auid the absolute saturation capacity can be determined accurately. 

Furthermore, the approximation used to derive Equation IV from Equation II, fco3 [CsHe] << ks [NO], is no longer valid for evaluating the terminal ozone concentration. Since the terminal ozone concentration is defined by the Air Quality Standard (122) as the index of smog severity, these considerations are particularly important in modeling atmospheric data. 

Atmospheric conditions with respect to [N02]o are quite different from the laboratory experimental conditions. In polluted atmospheres the NO2 to NO ratio is never as low as used in this experiment, and on days of severe smog the early morning concentrations of NO2 are often equal to that of NO (71). The induction period, therefore, is less important under real atmospheric conditions than in laboratory experiments. Since many of the parameters describing laboratory results give great weight to the induction period, the application of these parameters to the interpretation of atmospheric data requires more detailed analysis than has previously been done. 

C atmosphere data from Keeling and Whorf (2000). Crustal C from Hunt (1972) and Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1976). Crustal N from Marty and Dauphas (2003). 

Venus is similar in size to the Earth and might be expected to have differentiated to a similar extent. However, while the early accretion history might have been similar (with the exception of the absence of a moon-forming event), silicate differentiation did not proceed according to the familiar plate tectonic mechanisms. There is, of course, no data on the interior of Venus, and so planetary degassing characteristics must be deduced from limited atmospheric data and observations of volcanic activity at the surface. 

Inverse modeling atmospheric data Poor in tropics Monthly to annual No High North South Low East-West... 

A second top-down method for determining oceanic and terrestrial sinks is based on spatial and temporal variations in concentrations of atmospheric CO2 obtained through a network of flask air samples (Masarie and Tans, 1995 Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project—Carbon Dioxide, 1997). Together with models of atmospheric transport, these variations are used to infer the geographic distribution of sources and sinks of carbon through a technique called inverse modeling. 

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