Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission flow injection

Spectrophotometry Flow-injection analysis Gas chromatography Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Miscellaneous... 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric analysis with flow-injection/hydride generation... 

These methods were used to determine arsenic in certified sediments (Table 12.15). Conventional inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is satisfactory for all types of samples, but its usefulness was limited to concentrations of arsenic greater than 5pg g-1 dry weight. Better detection limits were achieved using the flow-injection-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma technique in which a coefficient of variation of about 2% for concentrations of lOpg g 1 were achieved. 

The analytical techniques used for additives analysis are reviewed below. They are mainly chromatographic but enzymatic, flow injection analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and atomic absorption methods are also used. 

J.L. Manzoori, A. Miyazaki, Indirect inductively coupled plasma atomic emission determination of fluoride in water samples by flow injection solvent extraction. Anal. Chem. 62 (1990) 2457-2460. 

M. Zougagh, P. C. Rudner, A. Garcia-de-Torres and J. M. Cano-Pavon, Application of Doehlert matrix and factorial designs in the optimisation of experimental variables associated with the on-line preconcentration and determination of zinc by flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15(12), 2000, 1589-1594. 

Cox, A., Cook, I.G. and McLeod, C.W. (1985) Rapid sequential determination of chromium (III)-chromium (VI) by flow injection analysis-inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry. Analyst, 110, 331-333. 

Kasthurikrishnan, N. and Koropchak, J.A. (1993) Flow injection donnan dialysis preconcentration of trace metal cations for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 65, 857-862. 

FI. flow injection SI, sequential injection ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry FAAS, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ETAAS electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, HG-AAS hydrige generation-atomic absorption spectrometry, HG-AFS hydrige generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. 

Y. Israel, A. Lasztity, R.M. Barnes, Online, steady-state concentrations for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass-spectrometry achieved by tandem injection and merging-stream flow injection, Analyst 114 (1989) 1259. 

I.G. Souza, H. Bergamin-Filho, F.J. Krug, J.A. Nobrega, P.V. Oliveira, B.F. Reis, M.F. Gine, On-line electrolytic dissolution of alloys in flow-injection analysis. Part 3. Multi-elemental analysis of stainless steels by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 245 (1991) 211. 

S. Greenfield, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) with Flow Injection Analysis (FIA). Spectrochim. Acta, 38 B (1983) 93. 

Y. Israel and R. M. Barnes, Standard Addition Method in Flow Injection Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 56 (1984) 1188. 

R. R. Liversage, J. C. van Loon, and J. C. de Andrade, A Flow Injection/ Hydride Generation System for the Determination of Arsenic by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 161 (1984) 275. 

P. W. Alexander, R. J. Finlayson, L. E. Smythe, and A. Thalib, Rapid Flow Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic-Emission Spectroscopy Using a Micro-Injection Technique. Analyst, 107 (1982) 1335. 

S. D. Hartenstein, J. Rdii6ka, and G. D. Christian, Sensitivity Enhancements for Flow Injection Analysis—Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spetrometry Using an On-Line Preconcentrating Ion-Exchange Column. Anal. Chem., 57 (1985) 21. 

A. G. Cox, I. G. Cook, and C. W. McLeod, Rapid Sequential Determination of Chromium(III)—Chromium(VI) by Flow Injection Analysis—Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic-Emission Spectrometry. Analyst, 110 (1985) 331. 

A. G. Cox and C. W. McLeod, Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Chromium(III) by Flow Injection/Inductively-Coupled Plasma/ Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 179 (1986) 487. 

K. E. LaFreniere, G. W. Rice, and V. A. Fassel, Flow Injection Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Critical Comparison of Conventional Pneumatic, Ultrasonic and Direct Injection Nebulization. Spectrochim. Acta Pt. B—At. Spec., 40 (1985) 1495. 

S. D. Hartenstein, G. D. Christian, and J. Riiiidka, Applications of an On-Line Preconcentrating Flow Injection Analysis System for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Can. J. Spectrosc., 30 (1986) 144. 

K. E. LaFreniere, Evaluation of a Direct Injection Nebulizer Interface for Flow Injection Analysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopic Detection. Diss. Abstr. Int. B, 47(4) (1986) 1519. 

McLeod, C.M., Worsfold, P.J., and Cox, A.C. (1984). Simultaneous multi-element analysis of blood serum by flow injection - inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry... 

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is used for multi-element determinations in blood and tissue samples. Detection in urine samples requires extraction of the metals with a polydithiocarbamate resin prior to digestion and analysis (NIOSH 1984a). Other satisfactory analytical methods include direct current plasma emission spectroscopy and determination by AAS, and inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Patterson et al. 1992 Shaw et al. 1982). Flow injection analysis (FIA) has been used to determine very low levels of zinc in muscle tissue. This method provides very high sensitivity, low detection limits (3 ng/mL), good precision, and high selectivity at trace levels (Fernandez et al. 1992b). 

Atomic spectrometric techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal AAS (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and ICP-MS are used for the determination of elements, particularly metals. ICP-MS is the most sensitive, typically with microgram per liter detection limits and multielement capability but it has high start-up and operating costs. UV-visible spectrophotometry is also used for the determination of metal ions and anions such as nitrate and phosphate (usually by selective deriva-tization). It is a low cost and straightforward technique, and portable (handheld) instruments are available for field deployment. Flow injection (FI) provides a highly reproducible means of manipulating solution chemistry in a contamination free environment, and is often used for sample manipulation, e.g., derivatization, dilution, preconcentration and matrix removal, in conjunction with spectrometric detection. Electroanalytical techniques, particularly voltammetry and ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), are... 

Environmental samples offer a challenge to the analytical chemist because of the matrices involved. These include, among others, fresh- and seawater, sediments, marine and biological specimens, soil, and the atmosphere. For determining trace concentrations of vanadium in these complex matrices, preconcentration and separation techniques may be required prior to instrumental analysis. Hirayama et al. [14] summarize the various preconcentration and separation techniques including chelation, extraction, precipitation, coprecipitation, ion exchange in conjunction with the instrumental method of spectrometry, densitometry, flow injection, NAA, AAS, X-ray fluorescence, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES). While NAA offers great sensitivity and selectivity, its application is limited by the number of research reactors available worldwide. 

Low-dispersion flow injection techniques (dispersion values of 1-3) have been used for high-speed sample introduction to such detector systems as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, flame atomic absorption, and specific-ion electrodes. The justification for using flow injection methods for electrodes such as pH and pCa is the small sample size required ( 25 pL) and the short measurement time ( 10 s). That is, measurements are made well before steady-state equilibria are established, which for many specific-ion electrodes may require a minute or more. With flow injection measurements, transient signals tor sample and standards provide excellent accuracy and precision. For example, it has been reported that pH measurements on blood serum can be accomplished at a rate of 240/h with a precision of 0.002 pH. 

Manzoori, J.L., Miyazaki, A., and Tao, H., Rapid differential flow injection of phosphorus compounds in wastewater by sequential spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using a vacuum ultraviolet emission line. Analyst 115, 1055,1990. 

Sanchez, R., J. L. Todoli, C. R Lienemann, and J. M. Mermet. 2010. Air-segmented, 5 J,L flow injection associated with a 200°C heated chamber to minimize plasma loading limitations and difference of behaviour between alkanes, aromatic compounds and petroleum products in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 25 1888-1894. 

Reis, B. F., M. F. Gine, F. J. Krug, and H. Bergamin. 1992. Multipurpose flow injection system. Part 1. Programmable dilutions and standard additions for plant digests analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 865-868. 

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