Microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

Aziz A., Broekaert J. A. C. and Leis F. (1982) A contribution to the analysis of microamounts of biological samples using a combination of graphite furnace and microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Spectrochim Acta 37 381-389. 

GC with Bourier transform infrared spectroscopy (BUR) has been used for determination of chlorophenols in drinking water [95]. Before the GC-BUR analysis, the phenols were acetylated with acetic anhydride followed by off-line SPB using graphitized carbon cartridge. GC with microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used in combination with two different off-line SPB procedures [96]. Derivatization with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyldimethylphenylammonium fluoride in combination with MS detection in negative chemical ion mode has been used for the determination of chlorophenols in industrial wastewater [94]. As seen earlier, SPB sample preparation is a commonly integrated part of the overall system setup in GC analysis. The technique is treated in more detail in the following section. 

Direct nebulization of an aqueous or organic phase containing extracted analytes has been widely used in flame atomic absorption spectroscopy [69-72], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [73-76], microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry [77-80] and atomic fluorescence spectrometry [81], as well as to interface a separation step to a spectrometric detection [82-85]. 

Other frequently used methods for determining fluoride include ion and gas chromatography [150,204,205] and aluminium monofluoride (AIF) molecular absorption spectrometry [206,207]. Less frequently employed methods include enzymatic [208], catalytic [209], polarographic [210] and voltammetric methods [211], helium microwave-induced [212] or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [213], electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [214], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [215], radioactivation [216], proton-induced gamma emission [217], near-infrared spectroscopy [218] and neutron activation analysis [219]. 

Further designs of ion sources applied in plasma spectroscopy such as electrodeless microwave induced plasmas (MIPs) operating in a noble gas atmosphere at low power (mostly below 200 W) or capacitively coupled microwave plasma using Ar, He or N2 the as plasma gas (at 400-800 W) were described in detail by Broekaert.33 Microwave plasmas produced by a magnetron are operated at 1-5 GHz. Their special application fields for selected elements and/or element species are based (due to the low power applied) in atomic emission spectrometry.33... 

Inductively Coupled and Microwave Induced Plasma Sources for Mass Spectrometry 4 Industrial Analysis with Vibrational Spectroscopy 5 Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry 6 Quantitative Millimetre Wavelength Spectrometry 7 Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy A Practical Guide 8 Chemometrics in Analytical Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition 9 Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History 10 Basic Chemometric Techniques in Atomic Spectroscopy... 

All major modern atomic absorption and emission techniques and instrumentation are covered. Appendices with FAAS and GFAAS conditions have been added, and a new appendix with up-to-date hmits of detection for all the atomic spectroscopic techniques is included. Chemical speciation using hyphenated chromatographic-atomic emission spectroscopy is described as is a novel microwave induced plasma emission instrument for particle characterization. 

See also Atomic Emission Spectrometry Microwave-Induced Plasma. Chemiluminescence Gas-Phase. Derivatization of Analytes. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 

The development of many alternative plasma sources has led to a resurgence of analytical atomic emission spectroscopy in recent years. The major plasma emission sources used for gas chromatographic detection have been the microwave-induced helium plasma, under atmospheric or reduced pressure (MIP), and the DC argon plasma (DCP). The inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP) has been used much less for GC than as an HPLC detector [4]. 

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