Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission mass

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Moens L, Verreft P, Boonen S, Vanhaecke F and Dams R (1995) Solid sampling electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta 508 463-475. Mooijman KA, In t Veld PH, Hoekstra JA, Heisterkamp SH, Havelaar AH, Notermans SHW, Roberts D, Griepink B, Maier E (1992) Development of Microbiological Reference Materials. European Commission Report EUR 14375 EN, Community Bureau of Reference, Brussels. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

Mass Spectrometry, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. 

Measurement techniques that can be employed for the determination of trace metals include atomic absorption spectrometry, anodic stripping voltammetry, differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, liquid chromatography of the metal chelates with ultraviolet-visible absorption and, more recently, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 

Heavy Metals, Isotope Dilution, Spark Source Mass Spectrometry, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry... 

Fig. 2. Solid-phase arsenic in ppm versus depth in m from a continuous core. The core consists of clayey silt to depth of 28 m, and fine sand thereafter with a silt horizon at 34 m depth. As was measured by digestion with an HCI-HNO3-H2O aqua regia solution followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis.

Five different detectors are common in HPLC (1) UV, (2) refractive index (RI), (3) conductivity, (4) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, and (5) mass spectrometry. A UV detector passes a specific wavelength of UV light... 

Roberts, N.B, Walsh, H.P.J., Klenerman, L., Kelly, S.A., and Helliwell, T. R. (1996). Determination of elements in human femoral bone using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy 11 133-138. 

Sheppard, B. S., Heitkemper, D. T., and Gaston, C. M. (1994). Microwave digestion for the determination of arsenic, cadmium and lead in seafood products by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission and mass spectrometry. Analyst 119 1683-1686. 

NMR) [24], and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [25] are commonly applied methods. Analysis using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques has been achieved with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with chemical ionisation (Cl) often more informative than conventional electron impact (El) ionisation [26]. For the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of silicone polyether copolymers in particular, SEC, NMR, and FT-IR have also been demonstrated as useful and informative methods [22] and the application of high-temperature GC and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is also described [5]. 

Table 5.2 Summary of selected analytical methods for molecular environmental geochemistry. AAS Atomic absorption spectroscopy AFM Atomic force microscopy (also known as SFM) CT Computerized tomography EDS Energy dispersive spectrometry. EELS Electron energy loss spectroscopy EM Electron microscopy EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance (also known as ESR) ESR Electron spin resonance (also known as EPR) EXAFS Extended X-ray absorption fine structure FUR Fourier transform infrared FIR-TEM Fligh-resolution transmission electron microscopy ICP-AES Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union. O Day PA (1999) Molecular environmental geochemistry. Rev Geophysics 37 249-274. Copyright 1999 American Geophysical Union...

Other frequently used methods for determining fluoride include ion and gas chromatography [150,204,205] and aluminium monofluoride (AIF) molecular absorption spectrometry [206,207]. Less frequently employed methods include enzymatic [208], catalytic [209], polarographic [210] and voltammetric methods [211], helium microwave-induced [212] or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [213], electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [214], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [215], radioactivation [216], proton-induced gamma emission [217], near-infrared spectroscopy [218] and neutron activation analysis [219]. 

Internal standards are also used in trace metal analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. An internal standard solution is added to ICP-MS and ICP-AES samples to correct for matrix effects, and the response to the internal standard serves as a correction factor for all other analytes (see also chapter 2). 

A. Moreda-Pineiro, A. Marcos, A. Fisher and S. J. Hill, Chemometrics approaches for the study of systematic error in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16(4), 2001, 350-359. 

ASTM D-6357. Test Methods for Determination of Trace Elements in Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass, and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometries. 

In the test method, the coal or coke to be analyzed is ashed under controlled conditions, digested by a mixture of aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid, and finally dissolved in 1% nitric acid. The concentration of individual trace elements is determined by either inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Selected elements that occur at concentrations below the detection limits of ICPAES can be analyzed quantitatively by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAA). 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have been applied to the determination of zinc, as discussed under Multi-Metal Analysis of Soils in Sects. 2.55 (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) and 2.55 (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Other techniques include atomic absorption spectrometry (Sect. 2.55), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (Sect. 2.55), electron probe microanalysis (Sect. 2.55), photon activation analysis (Sect. 2.55), emission spectrometry (Sect. 2.55), neutron activation analysis (Sect. 2.55), spectrophotometry (Sect. 2.55) and ion chromatography (Sect. 2.55). 

Kimbrough and Wakakuwa [276,330] reported on an interlaboratory comparison study involving 160 accredited hazardous materials laboratories. Each laboratory performed a mineral acid digestion on five soils spiked with arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, selenium and thallium. The instrumental detection methods used were inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. At most concentrations, the results obtained with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry... 

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